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GB5=88 ?@825BAB2>20;>AL @5H5=85 <0B5@8 ?@54>AB028BL A2>5<C AK=C 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>;CG8BL =>@<0;L=>5 >1@07>20=85 8 ?@>O28BL A51O. !?>A>1=>AB8 <0;LG8:0 1K;8 =5A><=5==K<8. 59A CB25@640;, GB> 871@0==0O H:>;0 "1K;0 B0: 1;87:> : 8450;C, :0: MB>3> ;8HL <>6=> 1K;> ?>65;0BL". 4>- 102>: >= 70O28;: "#  ",  ' -" !#)!", " ",,  ", / !", % .!" (1208-18).  A>60;5=8N, M@8 2A:>@5 ?5@54C<0;0 >BAK;0BL A2>53> AK=0 2 H:>;C, =0E>4OICNAO 2 4@C3>< <5AB5. @C3 A5<L8 =0?8A0; ?> MB><C ?>2>4C: 0BL 68<<8 24@C3 70C?@O<8;0AL 8 70O28;0, GB> 8 4C<0BL =5 <>65B > B><, GB>1K >B>A;0BL A2>53> @515=:0 >4=>3> 2 B0:CN 40;L, :>340 >= 5I5 B0: <0;. 5 7=0N, GB> 87 2A53> MB>3> 2K945B, >AB05BAO ;8HL =045OBLAO, GB> >=0 =8:>340 =5 1C45B A>60;5BL > A2>5< @5H5=88. / @0AAB@>8;AO, => =5 C48- 28;AO, E>BO >=0 2@>45 65;0;0 MB>3>, :>340 O ?KB0;AO 2A5 >@30=87>20BL. 5 7=0N, GB> A =59 A;CG8;>AL. !;CG09 1208-1, $09;K >BG5B>2  >:BO1@5 MB>3> 65 3>40 M@8 >B?@028;0 A2>53> AK=0 : "B5B5 ;0@5" (A5AB@5 5=0) 2 8@468=8N. "0:>5 ?>;>65=85 2?>;=5 CAB@0820;> 68<<8 - >= 3;C1>:> ;N18; A2>N B5B:C 8 B0 >B25G0;0 5<C 2708<=>ABLN. = E>@>H> CG8;AO 2 H:>;5. 4=8< 87 53> ;N18<KE 70=OB89 1K;> @8A>20=85. 4=0:> G5@57 G5BK@5 <5AOF0 M@8 ?>B@51>20;0 A2>53> AK=0 =0704. >72@0B82H8AL : <0B5@8, 68<<8 AB0; ?>A5I0BL <5AB=CN H:>;C. "0< >= =5 1K; AB>;L AG0AB;82, :0: C "B5B8 ;0@K".  53> 4=52=8:5 AB0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO 70<5G0=8O > ?;>E>< ?>2545=88 =0 C@>:0E. '5@57 2>A5<L <5AOF52 M@8 2=>2L @5H8;0 >B?@028BL 68<<8 : B5B:5, => 2 1944 3>4C 701@0;0 53> =0704.  B5G5=85 ?>A;54CNI8E 42CE ;5B <0;LG8: 1>;L- HCN G0ABL 2@5<5=8 ?@>2>48; A> A2>59 <0B5@LN, => ?>AB>O==> ?5@5E>48; 87 ?C1;8G=>9 H:>;K 2 G0AB=CN 8 >1@0B=>, @54:> >AB020OAL 2 >4=>< 8 B>< 65 CG51=>< 702545=88 1>;55 =5A:>;L:8E <5AOF52. 5A<>B@O =0 2A5, 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 >:>=G0=8O B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K @>48B5;8 68<<8 2=>2L ?>65=8;8AL. E =>2K9 1@0: 4;8;AO <5AOF. 10 7;>C?>B@51;O;8 0;:>3>;5< C65 4>;385 3>4K.  1947 3>4C 68<<8 <5=O; H:>;C B@8 @070, 8 53> CA?5205<>ABL AJ5E0;0 =0AB>;L:>, GB> <0;LG8:C ?@54;>68;8 >AB0BLAO =0 2B>@>9 3>4 2 ?OB>< :;0AA5. 68<<8 2=>2L ?>GC2AB2>20;, GB> B0:>5 68BL ?>;=>F5==>9 687=LN, ;8HL C A2>59 B5B:8. ! A5=BO1@O ?> <09 1947 3>40 <0;LG8: ?@>4>;60; CG8BLAO 2 >4=>< 8 B>< 65 702545=88. -B> 1K; A0<K9 4;8B5;L=K9 ?5@8>4, =0 :>B>@K9 5<C C4020;>AL "7045@60BLAO" =0 >4=>< <5AB5.  1948 3>4C 53> <0BL 2KH;0 70<C6 70 4@C3>3> <C6G8=C, 8 68<<8 2K=C6- 45= 1K; 2>72@0B8BLAO : =59 2 309>. -B> 70<C65AB2> (G5B25@B>5 ?> AG5BC) B0:65 =5 ?@>4;8;>AL >A>1> 4>;3>.  2>7@0AB5 >B 425=04F0B8 4> B@8=04F0B8 ;5B <0;LG8: ?>AB>O==> <5=O; :20@B8@K 8 =0:>=5F 2=>2L >GCB8;AO C ;0@K.  1951 3>4C, :>340 68<<8 8A?>;=8;>AL ?OB=04F0BL ;5B, 53> B5BCH:0 =0- ?8A0;0: "-B> >G5=L :@8B8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 2 53> 687=8, :0: 2K A0<8 ?>=8<05B5. @O4 ;8 O <>3C ?>;=>ABLN 70<5=8BL <0;LG8:C >1>8E @>48B5;59, => O 45;0N 2A5 >B <5=O 7028AOI55". =0 B0:65 >B<5B8;0, GB>, E>BO 68<<8 =5 1K; E>@>H8< CG5=8:><, C =53> 1K;8 A?>@B82=K5 CA?5E8 8 >= ?@>O2;O; 8=B5@5A : <C7K:5 8 @8A>20=8N.  1953 3>4C, :>340 68<<8 0<8;LB>=C 8A?>;=8;>AL A5<=04F0BL ;5B, 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K >B?@028BLAO 2 ;5B=NN H:>;C 8 ?>4BO=CBL "E2>ABK", >B A1560; 2<5AB5 A> A2>8< 4@C3>< 2> $;>@84C. "0< C =8E 1K;8 =5?@8OB=>AB8 87-70 :@068, => @51OB =5 =0:070;8, B0: :0: 2<5H0;8AL 4@C7LO A5<L8, 0 A0<8 N=K5 2>@K 5I5 =5 4>AB83;8 A>25@H5==>;5B8O.  1955 3>4C 68<<8 =0G0; A;C68BL 2> D;>B5. D8F5@, ?@8=8<02H89 M:70- <5= C =>2>1@0=F52, CB25@640;, GB> 68<<8 ?>;CG8; A0<K9 2KAH89 10; A@548 2A5E ?@5B5=45=B>2 2 MB>< 3>@>45. 68<<8 ?>;N18; A;C61C =0 D;>B5 8 =0G0; ?CB5H5AB2>20BL. >B GB> >= =0?8A0; A2>59 B5B:5 87 /?>=88, ?>4B25@640O A;>- 20 -430@0 59A0 > B><, "GB> >= 1C45B ?@8=04;560BL <8@C" (1208-1): "0: 1K <=5 E>B5;>AL, GB>1K BK <>3;0 ?>A5B8BL /?>=8N. -B> C4828B5;L=0O AB@0=0! 0- 65 =5 7=0N, ?>G5<C O GC2AB2CN A51O A2>8< A@548 MB8E ;N459". 070;>AL, 8=>AB@0==K5 O7K:8 4020;8AL 5<C ;53:>. >340 68<<8 1K;> >:>;> 4204F0B8 ;5B, >= ?>;CG8; ?8AL<> >B >BF0, A :>B>@K< >=8 @54:> 2845;8AL. >B GB> B0< 1K;> =0?8A0=>: 57CA;>2=>, >10 <K E>B5;8, GB>1K B2>O 687=L ?@>B5:0;0 2 1>;55 ?@8- OB=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, G5< B0, GB> 2A5 2@5<O A:;04K20;0AL 87-70 =0H8E <5;:8E A8<?0B89 8 0=B8?0B89, :>B>@K5 B>340 :070;8AL =0< AB>;L 206=K<8. !59G0A 2A5 MB> ?@54AB02;O5BAO <5;>GLN, => GB> ?>45;05HL, 2@5<O CH;>. ">340, :>340 =0< A;54>20;> 1KBL @O4>< A B>1>9, <K =0E>48;8AL 2 4@C3>< <5AB5. "515 2A5 MB> ?@5:@0A=> 8725AB=>, => <=5 E>B5;>AL 1K, GB>1K BK B0:65 7=0;, GB> 8 O >A>7=0N MB>...  1960 3>4C @>48B5;8 68<<8 :0:-B> 7025;8 @5GL > 2>7<>6=>AB8 =>2>3> ?@8<8@5=8O. > MB>3> B0: 8 =5 ?@>87>H;>, 8 5= 65=8;AO =0 4@C3>9 65=I8=5, GB>1K ?>765 @07>9B8AL 8 A =59. > >:>=G0=88 A;C61K 2> D;>B5 68<<8 >B?@0- 28;AO 2 >A-=465;5A, 345 AB0; 83@0BL =0 10A-38B0@5 2 4607->@:5AB@5. A:>- @5 >= ?5@5H5; 2 4607>2K9 0=A0<1;L 8, ?> A;>20< 53> B5B:8, "AB0; 25AB8 1>- 35<=K9 >1@07 687=8".  1959 3>4C >= >:070;AO 2> $;>@845, 345 ?@>4020; @5:- ;0<=K5 @>;8:8 4;O @048> 8 B5;52845=8O.  :>=FC 3>40 >= 2>72@0B8;AO 2 8@4- 68=8N, 345 :064CN A2>1>4=CN <8=CBC AB0; >B4020BL 4607C.  1960 3>4C >= 65- =8;AO. 5=0 @5H8;0 ?>;>68BL :>=5F <C7K:0;L=K< 0<18F8O< 68<<8, =0AB0820O, GB>1K B>B ">AB5?5=8;AO". '5@57 420 3>40 C =8E ?>O28;AO AK=.  MB>B ?5@8>4 68<<8 ?@>E>48; N@848G5A:89 :C@A, :>B>@K9 B0: 8 =5 70:>=G8;.  1963 3>4C >= AB0; ?><>I=8:>< <5=5465@0 2 <03078=5 3>B>2>9 >4564K.  A;54CNI5< 3>4C >= 2=>2L 2A?><=8; > A2>5< 402=8H=5< ?@8AB@0AB88 : @8A>20=8N - @5H8; ?>9B8 CG8BLAO 2 25G5@=NN H:>;C, => 53> ?;0=0< B0: 8 =5 AC645=> 1K;> >ACI5AB28BL- AO.  1965 3>4C 68<<8 8 53> ?5@20O 65=0 @07>H;8AL.  1966 68<<8 0<8;LB>= 2=>2L 65=8;AO 8 =0G0; @01>B0BL 2 <03078=5.  B>< 65 3>4C 53> <0BL, M@8, 70O28;0, GB>, 1C4L >=0 C<=55 4204F0BL ;5B =0- 704, 59 C40;>AL 1K A>E@0=8BL 1@0: A 5=><.  1967 3>4C C 68<<8 8 53> =>- 2>9 65=K @>48;AO @515=>:, => C65 2 A;54CNI5< 3>4C >=8 @07>H;8AL. 68< >B?- @028;AO 2 0H8=3B>=, 345 =0H5; @01>BC 2 D5H5=515;L=>< <03078=5. 3> B5BCH- :0 ;0@0 2?>A;54AB288 3>2>@8;0, GB> 2 MB> 2@5<O 68<<8 ?KB0;AO ?>;CG8BL A>25B =0 ?@54<5B B>3>, ":0: >1C740BL A51O". A:>@5 >= 65=8;AO 8 @0725;AO 2 B@5B89 @07.  >A5=8 1970 3>40 68<<8 C5E0; 2 @5F8N. BBC40 >= ?@8A;0; A2>59 B5B- :5 ?8AL<> A B0:8<8 A;>20<8: "/ ?>;N18; MBC AB@0=C. A5 <K 4>;6=K 2=>2L AB0BL 3@5:0<8. -B> 1K;> 1K 74>@>2>!.. 45AL 2A5 4@C3 4@C30 ;N1OB, =8 C :>- 3> =5B =8:0:8E ?@>1;5< A >1I5=85< - GC2AB2C5HL A51O A>25@H5==> =5?@8=C6- 45==>. / 4065 =5 <>3C >1JOA=8BL 2AN ?@5;5ABL B>3> =>2>3> <8@0, 2 :>B>@>< O A59G0A >:070;AO".  =>O1@5 >= C65 >GCB8;AO 2 B0;88, 0 2 45:01@5 >B?@028;- AO 2 ?CB5H5AB285 ?> A?0=88 8 D@8:5. >2>;L=> A:>@> >= 2=>2L >:070;AO 2 8@468=88. 45AL >= ?><5=O; <=>65AB2> <5AB @01>BK, A2O70==>9 A @5AB>@0=0<8 8 >4564>9. = 1K; >G5=L ?@82;5:0B5;5= 8 =@028;AO ;N4O<.  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