Описание некоторых проекций и необьяснимых элементов в них.

Э. Дюрвилль: Призрак живых

РПаЎ±б>юя №»юяяя«¬®Ї°±Ііґµ¶·ёяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяямҐБq`рїЊ<bjbjqPqP.Љ::Жsяяяяяя¤°°°°°°°~Ф…љЎљЎљЎљЎ¦ЎTR•Я¤¶¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤"¤$¤$¤$¤$¤$¤$¤$•Ґhэ§>H¤Q°¤¤¤¤¤H¤°°¤¤™¤¤¤¤¤°¤°¤"¤¤¤"¤¤¤°°¤¤ъЈ`=4#нjКљЎ¤¤"¤Ї¤0Я¤¤;Ё¤;Ё¤;Ё°¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤H¤H¤¤¤¤¤Я¤¤¤¤¤R•R•R•¤ц ¤R•R•R•ц Д4ш ‚z°°°°°°яяяя-. N@28;;L +% =0B><8O 8 D878>;>38O 4CH8 ?KB=K5 8AA;54>20=8O > "@0742>5=88" B5; G5;>25:0 ! !;CG08 "@0742>5=8O" G5;>25:0 G@572KG09=> <=>3>G8A;5==K 4;O 2A5E 2@5<5= 8 C 2A5E =0@>4>2, 8 @0AA:07K > =8E ?5@5?;5B0NBAO A 8AB>@8O<8 > ?@82845=8OE, ?@87@0:0E 8 <5@B25F0E. !B0@8==>5 H>B;0=4A:>5 ?@540=85 3;0A8B, GB> :064K9 G5;>25: 8<55B A2>53> 42>9=8:0 =0 75<;5, :>B>@K9 <>65B O2;OBLAO : =5A>15==>AB8 2 G0A A<5@B8. @>A<0B@820O "8B8O A2OBKE", 0 B0:65 ?@>F5AAK :>;4C=>2 :>=F0 A@54=8E 25:>2, G8B0B5;L A C482;5=85< =0E>48B 7=0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> 2?>;=5 C4>AB>25@5==KE A;CG052 @0742>5=8O, :0: C @5;838>7=KE <8AB8:>2, B0: 8 C :>;4C=>2. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O A0<>3> O2;5=8O MB8 A;CG08 B>645AB25==K: B5 8 4@C385 2K720=K 1K;8 >4=8< 8 B5< 65 AB@0AB=K< 65;0=85<, => ?>1C48B5;L=0O ?@8G8=0 MB>3> 65;0=8O C <8AB8:0-A>75@F0B5;O A>2A5< 4@C30O, G5< C :>;4C=0, :>B>@K9 ?5@5?>;=5= =5=028ABLN 8 6064>9 <5AB8. A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25, 345 :>;4C= 8AG57, 0 @5;838>7=K9 G5;>25: =5 8<55B C65 B>9 25@K, :>B>@0O ?><>30;0 53> ?@54H5AB25==8:0< A>25@H0BL GC45A0, A;CG08 @0742>5=8O 5I5 1>;55 <=>3>G8A;5==K, G5< 2 ?@>H;K5 25:0. 1JOA=O5BAO MB>, :>=5G=>, B5<, GB> B5?5@L 8E ;CGH5 =01;N40NB, 8 2 >A>15==>AB8 >18;85< A?8@8B8G5A:8E 8 >::C;LB=KE 6C@=0;>2, :>B>@K5 A>18@0NB 8 87CG0NB MB8 A;CG08, B0: :0: =0E>4OB 2 =8E ?>4B25@645=85 A2>8< B5>@8O< 8;8 ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 A5@L57=K5 0@3C<5=BK 2 4>:070B5;LAB2> ?>A;54=8E. A;8 @0742>5=85 682>3> G5;>25G5A:>3> >@30=87<0 2>7<>6=>, E>BO 1K 2 <0;> 8725AB=KE CA;>28OE 8 B>;L:> C @54:8E ;N459, =5;L7O ;8 8AA;54>20BL 53> >?KB=K< ?CB5< 2 @07;8G=KE 2840E? AA;54>20=85 MB>, :>=5G=>, 2>7<>6=>. 725AB=>, GB> 2>>1I5 @0742>5=85 A>25@H0;>AL C <8AB8:>2, :>340 >=8, ?>3@C65==K5 2 3;C1>:>5 @07ABL : 2>71C645=8O< 2=5H=53> <8@0; A 4@C3>9 65 AB>@>=K, 2> 2@53> A=0 8 2 =5:>B>@KE 0=0;>38G=KE A>AB>O=8OE =01;N40NBAO C ;N459 8=>340 AB@0==K5 O2;5=8O, 2 >A>15==>AB8 C7=020=85 D0:B>2, A>25@H82H8EAO =0 40;5:>< @0AAB>O=88, =5>1JOA=8<>5 O2;5=85, 5A;8 =5 ?@54?>;>68BL ?5@540G8 G53>-B> >B A?OI53> AC1J5:B0 2 <5AB> 8 2 G0A A>25@H5=8O O2;5=8O. 0AAC640O B0:8< >1@07>< ?CB5< 0=0;>389, ?>=8<05HL, GB> <03=5B87< :0: 1K A>740= 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A;C68BL 8A?KB0B5;L=K< ?>;5< 4;O 8AA;54>20=89 MB>3> @>40. KA;L MB0, 2?@>G5<, =5 =>20O, B0: :0: ?>;:>2=8: 45- >H0 C65 4>AB83 MB8< A?>A>1>< >?KB=>3> @0742>5=8O AC1J5:B>2 A><=0<1C;, 4>2>4O 8E <03=5B8G5A:89 A>= 70 ?@545;K, :>340 AC1J5:B >1K:=>25==> 5I5 A>E@0=O5B A>7=0=85. 8 >4=0 >B@0A;L G5;>25G5A:8E 7=0=89 =5 <>65B 2 =0AB>OI55 2@520BL "@0742>5=85" A AB>;L <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 H0=A0<8 =0 CA?5E, :0: <03=5B87<. A5 87CG02H85 ?>A;54=89 A D8;>A>DA:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?>=8<0NB, GB> <0B5@8O 1K;0 1K 157459AB25==0, 5A;8 1K 55 =5 >682;O;0 =57028A8<0O A8;0, GB> 25745 ACI5AB2C5B <0B5@8O 8 A8;0, 8 G5;>25: 42>9AB25=, B> 5ABL A>AB>8B 87 <0B5@80;L=>3> B5;0 8 B5;> MB> >682;5=> @07C<=>9 A8;>9, =07K205<>9 2 ?@>AB>@5G88 4CH>N 8;8 4CE><. #G5=K5 <03=5B875@K, 87CG02H85 >?KB=K< >1@07>< <03=5B87<, ?> 40==K< A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:8 7=0NB, GB> <03=5B8G5A:0O A8;0, 2K45;O5<0O G5;>25G5A:8< B5;><, >1;0405B 7=0G8B5;L=> 2KAH59 ?>B5=F80;L=>ABLN, G5< A8;K D878G5A:0O 8 E8<8G5A:0O, 8 ?@8=04;568B >=0 =5 B5;C 2848<>682;ONI59 B5;>. 5@540==0O :0:> B5;C <03=5B8G5A:0O A8;0 ?@>=8:05B 2 A5@4F5 MB>3> B5;0, 2 A0, B0: :0: >=0 ?@>B82>AB>8B :8?5=8N, A3>@0=8N 8 @07;8G=K< E8<8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA0<, :>B>@K5 @07;030NB B5;> =0 53> A>AB02=K5 M;5<5=BK. 0: O 4>:070; 2 A2>59 "03=5B8G5A:>9 D878:5", >=0 =5@07@CH8<0, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 4;O =87H8E A8; 8 2>7459AB289 ?@8@>4K. G5284=>, GB> MB0 =5@07@CH8<>ABL G5;>25G5A:>9 <03=5B8G5A:>9 A8;K ?5@5E>48B 2 15AA<5@B85, 8 ?CB5< @0AAC645=8O =0G8=05HL ?>=8<0BL, :0:8< >1@07>< <03=5B87< <>65B 1KBL <>AB>< 4;O =5?>A@54AB25==>3> ?5@5E>40 87 D878G5A:>3> <8@0 2 ?A8E8G5A:89 <8@ 4@C38<8 A;>20<8, ?> 2K@065=8N B5>A>D>2, 87 D878G5A:>3> ?;0=0 =0 0AB@0;L=K9 8 >BBC40 =0 ?;0= 20=89 =5 4>:065B 15AA<5@B8O, => >= 40AB 2>7<>6=>5 ?@542845=85 53>, B0: :0: A0@=K< >1@07>< O 4>:06C ACI5AB2>20=85 2 =0A <=>38E =0G0;, <=>38E B5;, 2708<=> ?@>=8:0NI8E. / 2KOA=N, GB> 2848<>5 B5;> A ?A8E8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O O2;O5BAO ;8HL >@C485< =52848<>3> B5;0, 8 GB> ?>A;54=55 >682;O5B ?5@2>5, 8 GB> 2 =5< 70:;NG5=> A>7=0=85. / 4>:06C B0:65, GB> MB8 420 M;5<5=B0 =0H59 ;8G=>AB8 <>3CB 1KBL @0745;5=K 2> 2@5O=88 =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30. / 4>:06C ACI5AB2>20=85 4CH8, :>B>@0O >18B05B 2 =52848<>< B5;5. BBC40 65 4> 4>:070B5;LAB20 B>3>, GB> A<5@BL 5ABL ;8HL ?5@5<5=0 A>AB>O=8O 8 GB> =0H0 8=48284C0;L=>ABL 6820 70 ?@545;0<8 <>38;K, @0AAB>O=85 =5 40;LH5 >4=>3> H030. 5A:>;L:> A;>2 5I5 > 703;0288 =0AB>OI53> B@C40 8 > =0720=88, :>B>@>5 O 40N @0742>5==>9 G0AB8 682>3> G5;>25G5A:>3> B5;0. 0742>5==>9 G0AB8 G5;>25G5A:>3> B5;0 4020;8 @07;8G=K5 =08<5=>20=8O. 081>;55 8725AB=K5: 42>9=8:, 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>, ?@87@0:, D;N848G5A:>5 B5;>, B5=L 8 ?@. 7 @07;8G=KE MB8E =08<5=>20=89 B@8 ?5@2KE 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2CNB 8455 @0742>5=8O. 5@2>5 1K;> 1K =08;CGH8<, 5A;8 1K =5 4020;> ?>2>40 : A<5H5=8N, B0: :0: 53> <>6=> A<5H0BL A MD8@=K< 42>9=8:><, :>B>@K9 8<55B ;8HL >B=>A8B5;L=>5 7=0G5=85 2 O2;5=88 @0742>5=8O. K@065=85 "0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>" @02=K< >1@07>< ?>4E>4OI5, => M:AB5@8>@87>20==>5 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> ?>GB8 2A5340 70:;NG05B 2 A515 8 MD8@=K9 42>9=8:, :>B>@K9 A;C68B 5@C485<, 8 5 (<5=B0;L=>5) B5;>, :>B>@>5 5ABL 4CH0 53>. 7 >AB0;L=KE =0720=89 =081>;55 >B25G0NI8< F5;8 A;54C5B ?@87=0BL A;>2> ?@87@0:. >?8A0=8OE A2>8E, 2?@>G5<, 3>2>@O > ?@87@0:5, O G0AB> 1C4C ?>;L7>20BLAO 2K@065=8O<8 "MD8@=K9 42>9=8:" 8 "0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>", B0: :0: MB8 420 M;5<5=B0 =0H53> =52848<>3> B5;0 ?>GB8 ?>AB>O==> 2E>4OB 2 <0B5@80;L=K9 A>AB02 53>. >B ?>G55G;8 ?>;57=K< ?@81028BL : :=835 . N@28;;O 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 3;02C: "K45;5=85 G5;>25:>< 0AB@0;L=>3> ?@87@0:0 ?> A>1AB25==>9 2>;5", 2 :>B>@>9 G8B0B5;L <>65B ?>7=0:><8BLAO A @57C;LB0B0<8 8AA;54>20=89 (. 0=A5;5=0, >4=>3> 87 B0;0=B;82KE ?@>4>;60B5;59 @01>B ?>;:. . 45- >H0 8 . N@28;;O. '!", " "'!/, !" '!/ $!$!/ I. "5;0 G5;>25:0 I. "5;0 G5;>25:0 ?> CG5=8N B5>A>D>2. II. "5;0 G5;>25:0 ?> ?@54AB02;5=8O< 4@52=8E. III. "5;0 G5;>25:0 ?> 273;O40< A>2@5<5==KE :8B09F52. I. "5;> G5;>25:0, :0: 8 682>B=KE, =5 B0: ?@>AB>, :0: 65< ?>7=0:><8BLAO A =8< ?>A@54AB2>< 7@5=8O 8 >AO70=8O, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 2 >1KG=KE CA;>28OE =0H53> D878G5A:>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O. 5745 4CE A>548=5= A <0B5@859. -B> A>548=5=85 ACI5AB2C5B =0 :064>< ?;0=5 (AD5@5), 345 <0;59H0O G0AB8F0 8<55B <0B5@8N 4;O B5;0 8 4CE 4;O 687=8. KA;L 5ABL <0B5@8O, => =5 2 A;5H>B0, :>B>@K9 CB25@6405B, GB> 5Q A>AB>8B 87 0AB@0;L=>9 <0B5@88. '0BB5@468 OA=> 3>2>@8B >1 MB><: "> B>, GB> A >4=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 5ABL 687=L, <>65B 1KBL D>@<>9 A 4@C3>9. AO:0O 25IL, ?>A:>;L:C >=0 D>@<0 C=8GB>605BAO; ?>A:>;L:C 65 >=0 A8;0 8;8 687=L, >=0 1C45B ?@>4>;60BL A2>5 ACI5AB2>20=85. >7L<5< 4;O ?@8<5@0 G5;>25G5A:>5 B5;>; 745AL =081>;55 3@C10O D>@<0, MB> B0 <0B5@8O, B25@40O, 684:0O 8 307>>1@07=0O, :>B>@CN 2K 2848B5 ?5@54 A>1>9. -B0 D>@<0 >682>B2>@O5BAO =5?>A@54AB25==> A8;>9, :>B>@0O 5ABL @0AB8B5;L=0O 687=L, 8=0G5 MD8@=K9 M;5<5=B. -B>B MD8@=K9 M;5<5=B 5ABL 687=L ?> >B=>H5=8N : 3@C1>548=5=85 3@C1KE M;5<5=B>2: MD8@=>5 =0G0;> ?5@56825B 8E. E>BO MB> ?5@56820=85 4;8BAO =5 4>;3>, 4;O OA=>284OI53> >=>, B5< =5 <5=55, >G5284=>. !;54>20B5;L=>, MD8@=>5 B5;> 5ABL 687=L ?> >B=>H5=8N : D878G5A:> >=> 65 8 D>@<0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?>A;54CNI55 B5;> C=8GB>605BAO, 0AB@0;L=>5 ?@>4>;605B 68BL. >340 65 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> C=8GB>68BAO 2 A2>N >G5@54L, <5=B0;L=>5, ?> >B=>H5=8N :>B>@>3> 0AB@0;L=>5 O2;O;> D>@E@0=8BAO :0: 687=L 8 B.4. 48= 8 B>B 65 M;5<5=B >4=>2@5<5==> 8 687=L, 8 D>@<0, 687=L >B=>A8B5;L=> =87H53> =0G0;0 8 D>@<0 >B=>A8B5;L=> 2KAH53>. 1>, 2> 2A5;5==>9 2A5 281@0F8O: =8:0:>9 @07=8FK, ?> ACI5AB2C, <564C B5<8 8;8 4@C38<8 =0G0;0<8. =8 687=L 8;8 D>@<0; 5 8;8 65=A:>5; ?>;>68B5;L=>5 8;8 >B@8F0B5;L=>5 A<>B@O ?> B>9 B>G:8 =0 =8E A<>B@8HL. >340 >4=0 281@0F8O ?@5:@0I05BAO, ?@>4>;605BAO 4@C30O, 1>;55 B>=:0O... ! A0<>3> 25@E0 8 4> A0<>3> =870 ;5AB=8FK 1KB8O D>@<0 C=8GB>605BAO, 0 687=L A>E@0=O5BAO." ("!>:@>25==0O @5;838>7=0O D8;>A>D8O =488", A. 68). > CG5=8N 8=4CA>2, 2AQ 1>;55 8 1>;55 ?>4B25@6405<>2>9 =0C:>9, G5;>25: ACI5AB2> A;>6=>5, 2:;NG0NI55 2 A2>9 A>AB02 =5A:>;L:> B5;. 07;8G=K5 B5;0 G5;>25:0 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>N ;8HL >4564K, 2 :>B>@K5 >1;5G5=0 4CH0, ?>4;8==K9 G5;>25:, "O" (ego), 15AA<5@B=>5 =0G0;>, A>AB02;ONI55 =0HC 8=48284C0;L=>ABL. -B8E B5; C 2?>;=5 @0728B>3> G5;>25:0 A5;L:> G5BK@5 87 =8E, A>AB02;ONI85 =0HC 2@5<5==CN ;8G=>ABL, 4>ABC?=K =0H8< 8AA;54>20=8O< ?@8 A>2@5<5==>< A>AB>O=88 =0H8E 7=0=89. 0G8=0O A 1>;55 3@C1>3>, =081>;55 =0@C6=>3> 8 =08<5=55 206=>3>, B0: :0: 4CH0 ?>:8405B 53> ?5@2K<, 8 :>=G0O B>=G09H8<, :>B>@>5 ?@54AB02;O5B :0: 1K @C10H:C, A=8<05A;5 2A5E 4@C38E >4564, MB8 B5;0 ACBL: 1. $878G5A:>5 B5;>, 2<5AB8;8I5 D878>;>38G5A:8E DC=:F89: ?8I520@5=8O, 4KE0=8O, CA2>5=8O, :@>2>>1@0I5=8O, 42865=8O. 2. -D8@=>5 B5;>, 2<5AB8;8I5 687=5==>9 M=5@388, @0AA<0B@8205<>9 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A D878>;>38G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, 5ABL :0: 1K 0@E8B5:B>@, :>B>@K9 AB@>8B D878G5A:>5 B5;> 8 701>B8BAO > ?>445@60=88 53>. "87=5==>ABL, A>7840B5;L=0O M=5@38O ?@82>48B 2 ?>@O4>: D878G5A:85 <>;5:C;K 8 A>18@05B 8E 2 >?@545;5==K9 >@30=87<, 3>2>@8B ==8 570=B, MB> 4KE0=85 687=8 2 >@30=87<5 8;8 A:>@55 G0ABL <8@>2>3> 4KE0=8O 687=8, :>B>@CN >@30=87< ?@8A208205B 2> 2@5@>B:>3> ?5@8>40 2@5<5=8, =07K205<>3> =0<8 687=LN". ("Death and After" "!<5@BL 8 ?>A;5"). "5;> MB> A>AB02;O5B 4C1;8:0B D878G5A:>3> B5;0; 2 :0G5AB25 B0:>2>3> 53> 2>>1I5 =07K20NB MD8@=K< 42>9=8:>< 8;8 ?@>AB> 42>9=8:><. >;LH8=AB2> B5>A>D>2 ?@8=8<0NB 53> 70 A>AB02=CN G0ABL D878G5A:>3> B5;0, 4065 :0: 1K A>AB02;ONICN >4=> F5;>5 A ?>A;54=8<, B0: :0: >=> >18B05B =0 B>< 65 ?;0=5 8 =5 <>65B =8:>340 ?>:8=CBL 53>. =5 B5A=>3> A>548=5=8O MB8E 42CE D878G5A:8E G0AB59 =0H53> ACI5AB20 MD8@=K9 42>9=8: @>6405BAO ;8HL 70 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 4> D878G5A:>3> B5;0 8 ?5@568205B 53> B>;L:> =5A:>;L:8<8 4=O<8. -B>B 42>9=8: 5ABL ";8=30 H0@8@0" B5>A>D>2 =488, :>B>@K9 A;C68B <548C<><, ?>A@54=8:>< <564C D878G5A:8< B5;>< 8 0AB@0;L=K<. ""5@<8= MD8@=K9 42>9=8:, 3>2>@8B ==8 570=B, >G5=L B>G=> ?5@5405B E0@0:B5@ 8 A>AB02 MB>9 1>;55 B>=:>9 G0AB8 D878G5A:>3> B5;0, GB> 45;05B 53> 7=0G81=K< 4;O 70?><8=0=8O (:0:8<, A>1AB25==>, 8 4>;6=> 1KBL :064>5 A?5F80;L=>5 >1>7=0G5=85); "MD8@=K9" ?>B> A>AB>8B >= 87 MD8@0, 0 "42>9=8:" ?>B> O2;O5B A>1>9 B>G=K9 4C1;8:0B ?;>B=>3> B5;0, 53> B5=L, 5A;8 <>6=> B0: 2K@078BLAO" ("'5;>25: 8 53> B5;0", A. 16). 3. AB@0;L=>5 B5;> >18B0;8I5 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8, 2>>1@065=8O, 682>B=KE AB@0AB59 8 <0;> 2>72KH5==KE 2>645;5=89. => 1>;55 GC2AB25==>, G5< @0AAC4>G=>. =5< <>6=> A:070BL 2<5AB5 A 0A:0;5<: "!5@4F5 @0AAC6405B 157@0AAC4=>"*). '5@57 53> ?>A@54AB2> ?@>8AE>4OB AB>;L >A?0@8205 A=5 8 1>;LH0O G0ABL A;CG052 A ?@82845=8O<8. -B> "?@544CE" (peresprit) A?8@8B>2, "GC2AB25==0O 4CH0" 4@52=8E D8;>A>D>2. => B0:65 >18B0;8I5 B>3>, GB> A>2@5<5==K5 ?A8E>;>38 =07K20NB =87H8< A>7=0=85<, 15AA>7=0B5;L=K< 8;8 ?>4A>7=0=85<. "5>A>DK =488 =07K20NB 53> B5;>< 65;0=8O, B5;>< :0<8G5A:8< 8;8 :0<0-@C?0. __________ * 3@0 A;>2: C A5@4F0 A2>8 ?@8G8=K (raisons), :>B>@KE =5 ?>=8<05B @0AAC4>: (raison). 4. 5=B0;L=>5 B5;> (B5;> 18B0;8I5 2>;8, @07C<0, 1;03>@>4=>9 8 2>72KH5==>9 E@0=8B =0H8 2>A?><8=0=8O 8 ?@8>1@5B5==K5 =0<8 7=0=8O. -B> A>D>2 (anima @8<;O=, ?A8E5O 3@5:>2), 2 =5< A>25@H0NBAO 2A5 O2;5=8O A>7=0=8O. 07AB0=>2;5=8O ?@8=04;560B : 53> >1;0AB8. -B> 2KAH55 =0G0;>, :>B>@>5 C?@02;O5B 2A5<8 =0H8<8 DC=:F8O<8, @C:>2>48B 2A5<8 =0H8<8 @07C<=K<8 459AB28O<8. "5>A>DK =07K20NB 53> <0=0A =87H89, =87H89 >B=>A8B5;L=> <0=0A0 2KAH53>, ?@51K20NI53> 2 ?@8G8==>< (:0C70;L=><) B5;5, :>B>@>3> O =5 :0A0NAL 745AL. #<8@0O, D878G5A:>5 B5;> @07;0305BAO 8 4CH0 C40;O5BAO A B@58<8 >45640<8. -D8@=>5 B5;> B>65 A:>@> C<8@05B 8 @0A?0405BAO =0 G0AB8. 0 MB> 2>>1I5 B@51C5BAO =5 1>;55 4 5 4=59, 8 4CH0, >1;53G5==0O 8 1>;55 A2>1>4=0O, C40;O5BAO A 42C=G09H8<8 B5;0<8, 0AB@0;L=K< 8 <5=B0;L=K<, :>B>@K5 >AB0;8AL C =59. AB@0;L=>5 B5;> 6825B 2>>1I5 3>@074> 4>;LH5 8 4>;3>2@5<5==>ABL 53> ACI5AB2>20=8O <5=O5BAO, A<>B@O ?> AB5?5=8 M2>;NF88 4CH8. => 6825B =54>;3> C ;N459, :>B>@K5 ?>1>@>;8 A2>8 AB@0AB8, GB>1K 25AB8 1;03>@>4=CN 8 2>72KH5==CN 687=L; C ;N459 65, :>B>@K5 2A5340 1K;8 @010<8 A2>8E AB@0AB59, >=> 6825B ?@>4>;68B5;L=>. > G0A A<5@B8 =0ABC?05B 8 4;O =53>, :0: 8 4;O ?@54K4CI8E; 4CH0, >A2>1>482H0OAO, C40;O5BAO 2 B5;5 B>@>5 A>AB02;O5B ?>A;54=55 5Q >45O=85, GB>1K ?@>O28BLAO 2 =>2>< 8 7=0G8B5;L=> ;CGH5< A>AB>O=88, G5< ?@54K4CI85. 87=L G5=L :>@>B:0O 8 ?>GB8 15AA>7=0B5;L=0O C <0;> @0728BKE ;N459 A 4>;3>9 0AB@0;L=>9 687=LN, 4;8BAO =0>1>@>B >G5=L 4>;3> C 1>;55 @0728BKE ;N459, 0AB@0;L=0O 687=L :>B>@KE 1K;0 :>@>B:0O. AB@0;L=0O 687=L 5ABL >G8AB8B5;L=>5 A>AB>O=85, 0 687=L 7=> =0AB@>5==KE ;N459, A B>N B>;L:> @07=8F59, GB> :0: 1K 4;8B5;L=0 >=0 =8 1K;0, >=0 =8:>340 =5 1K205B 25G=>N. @8E>48B @>:>2>9 <><5=B, :>340 2AO 5O M=5@38O 1K205B 8AB>I5=0, 8 2>B B5;> =0 1K;0 70:;NG5=0, C<8@05B 8 @0A?0405BAO 2 A2>N >G5@54L. CH0, 4>AB0B>G=> @07282H0OAO, 2ABC?05B B>340 2 ?>;=>5 2;045=85 A>1>N, A ?>;=K< A>7=0=85< A2>53> ?@>H;>3> 8 1C4CI53>. =0 2848B :0: A2>8 75<=K5 ACI5AB2>20=8O, B0: 8 B>B ?CBL, :>B>@K9 59 =04> ?@>9B8, GB>1K 4>AB83=CBL A>25@H5=AB20, A>AB>O=8O, :>B>@>5 =0A 2?>;=5 >A2>1>6405B, ?>4=8<0O =0A 2KH5 ?;0=>2, 345 :>;5A> ?5@52>?;>I5=8O =5?@5@K2=> C2;5:05B =0A : @>645=8N 8 A<5@B8. 84O >A=>2C, =0 :>B>@>9 1C4CB B:0BLAO 5Q 1C4CI85 ACI5AB2>20=8O, ?>;L7COAL >?KB>< A2>53> ?@>H;>3>, 4CH0 <>65B 2 =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8 87<5=8BL MBC >A=>2C A>>B25BAB25==> A2>8< 2:CA0<, =0<5@5=8O< 8 A?>A>1=>ABO<. 0B5<, A=>20 2;5:><0O : 75<;5 65;0=8O<8, :>B>@K5 59 =04> 8A?>;=8BL, 8 ?>28=COAL 70:>=0< ?5@52>?;>I5=8O, >=0 A=0@O605BAO 8 A=>20 2>A?@8=8<05B B5;> 0AB@0;L=>5 8, =0:>=5F, MD8@=>5 8 D878G5A:>5 B5;0, GB>1K 2>7@>48BLAO =0 75<;5 A 548=AB25==>N F5;LN ?@>4>;60BL A2>5 @0728B85. -B8 B5;0, >@C48O 4CH8, A;C60B ?>A;54=59 4;O ?@>O2;5=8O =0 @07;8G=KE ?;0=0E ?@8@>4K. "5;0 D878G5A:>5 8 MD8@=>5 >18B0NB =0 D878G5A:>< ?;0=5 8 =8:>340 =5 ?>:840NB 53>; >1;0ABL 0AB@0;L=>3> B5;0 0AB@0;L=K9 ?;0=, 0 B5;0 <5=B0;L=>3> ?;0= 25:0 ?> ?@54AB02;5=8N 4@52=8E. 4@52=>AB8 1K;8 8725AB=K5 ?>=OB8O > ACI5AB2>20=88 2 =0A <=>38E @07;8G=KE =0G0;, 8;8, ?> 2K@065=8N B5>A>D>2, =5A:>;L:8E B5;. / =5 AB0=C @0718@0BL MB8 ?>=OB8O C @07;8G=KE =0@>4>2 8 >3@0=8GCAL ;8HL ?@82545=85< =5:>B>@KE ?>4B25@645=89. %0;459A:85 <038, :0: ?>GB8 2A5 ?>A;54>20B5;8 >@>0AB@0, 25@8;8 2 4CHC @07C<=CN, 2KAHCN, =515A=>9 ?@8@>4K 8 2 4CHC GC2AB25==CN, 682>B=CN, =87HCN 8 75<=>9 ?@8@>4K. '0AB>, 3>2>@8;8 >=8, MB8 4CH8 >1;5:0NBAO, GB>1K ?>:070BLAO =0 75<;5 2 D>@<5 @07;8G=KE ?@87@0:>2 8 ?>4>189 682>B=KE. @5:8 B>65 ?@87=020;8 425 4CH8: @07C<=CN 8 GC2AB25==CN. >A;54=OO, :>B>@CN >=8 AG8B0;8 ?>4>185< =0AB>OI59 4CH8, 70=8<0;0 A@54=55 <5AB> <564C =0AB>OI59 4CH>9 8 3@C1K< B5;><. -B> ?>4>185, :>B>@>5 >=8 =07K20;8 "M94>;>=", ?>O2;O;>AL ?@8 70:;8=0=8OE. >=> >18B0;> =0 E5@>=5. >MB, 2>A?52H89 =0C:C 8 <038N ?5@2KE :C;LBC@=KE 25:>2, ><5@ 2 ";8045", 3;. 23, 70AB02;O5B MB> ?>4>185 459AB2>20BL ?>4 284>< 0B@>:;0. >A;54=89 ?0; ?>4 C40@0<8 5:B>@0, 0 <564C B5< >= 2=>2L O2;O5BAO, MB> 53> ;8F>, 53> 3>;>A, 4065 ;L5BAO :@>2L 87 53> @0=K. (!<. B0:65 "48AA5N", I. II). "-==89, 3>2>@8B C:@5F89, 682>?8A0; =0< MB8 A2OI5==K5 <5AB0 E5@C7K (CABLO E5@>=0, 2E>4 2 04), 345 =5 >18B0NB =8 =0H8 B5;0, =8 =0H8 4CH8, => 682CB =0H8 ?>4>18O". A@548 MB8E B5=59 2848BAO C:@5F8N ><5@, 87;820NI89 ?>B>:8 A;57. 2 =54@0E MB>3> <8@0 MB0 B@5BLO G0ABL ?>MB0, 53> 42>9=8:, 53> ?@87@0: >1JOA=O5B 53> A>7=0=8N B09=K ?@8@>4K. $8;>A>DK =5>?;0B>=8:8 ;5:A0=4@89A:>9 H:>;K, ?>A;54>20B5;O<8 :>B>@KE 1K;8 @835= 8 <=>385 >BFK F5@:28, =07K20;8 MB>3> ?>A@54=8:0 3@C1>3> B5;0 "0=3>M945", "0AB@>M945", B> 5ABL "8<5NI89 1;5A: A25B8;". -B>, >G5284=>, 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> B5>A>D>2, =0720==>5 B0: ?>A;54=8<8 ?>B> ?>:07K205BAO OA=>284OI8< 2 A25B>2>9 D>@<5. -B> ?>A;54=55 =0G0;>, :>B>@>5 2A;54AB285 ?>O2;5=8O ?@87@0:>2 2> 2A5 2@5<5=0 ?@87=020;>AL @50;L=K<, 8<5;> ?> >1I5 65 2K@065=85, :0: C 2848<>3> B5;0. -B> >=>, 3>2>@OB 8;;N<8=0BK 2A5E 2@5<5=, ?>O2;O5BAO ?>4 284>< ?@82845=8O 8;8 ?@87@0:0, 8=>340 4065 ?@8 687=8 B5E, :>3> >=> ?@54AB02;O5B, => G0I5 ?>A;5 A<5@B8, :>340 2848<>5 B5;> =5 1K;> ?>E>@>=5=> 8;8 :>340 @07C<=0O 4CH0 4>;6=0 1K;0 A45;0BL 206=>5 ?>:070=85. -B> B5;> 4>;6=> 1KBL :0 8;8 42>9=8: 538?BO=, =5D5H :0110;8AB>2, GB> 0@0F5;LA =0720; ?>74=55 M25AB@C<. !;54C5B A:070BL =5A:>;L:> A;>2 > B5;0E G5;>25:0 ?> ?@54AB02;5=8O< C 4@52=8E 538?BO=. $878G5A:>5 B5;> 1K;> B>;L:> ?>445@6:>9, >1I59 45@602>9 ;8G=>AB8, :>B>@0O 2;8O;0 =0 =53>: MB> 1K; 8=AB@C<5=B 4;O 8A?>;=5=8O @01>BK. 8G=>ABL ?@51K20;0 2 B@5E =52848B>@K5 70:;NG0;8AL >1K:=>25==> 2 :0 8;8 42>9=8:5. 0 <=>3>G8A;5==KE ?0:07K20NB 10@5;L5DK @>645=8O <5=>D8A0 III, 2>A?@>872>489=8: 87>1@0605BAO ?>7048 D878G5A:>3> B5;0. =>340 >= 45;05B <03=5B8G5A:85 ?0AAK, :>B>@K5 <038G5A:8 459AB2CNB =0 70BK;>: G5;>25:0, 4020O 5645=8O <5=>D8A0 III. 025@EC: F0@8F0 @>6405B, >:@C65==0O H>@-!0B (4>G5@L<8 H>@0). 2>9=8:, A> 7=0<5=5< =0 3>;>25, C;5B05B =0 =51>. =87C: 2 F5=B@5 425 D83C@K, C :>B>@KE A 3>;>2K ?>4=8<05BAO 8728;8AB> ?;0=8 45;0NB <038G5A:89 65AB E0, ?>4=O2 @C:8. 0?@02> 8 =0;52> <8D8G5A:85 ;8F0 ?>4=8<0NB >4=>N @C:>N 687=L, 0 4@C3>N >?CA:0NB 55 : 75<;5. 8A. 2. 0@5;L5D @>645=8O <5=>D8A0 III. 515=>: 8 53> 42>9=8:, ?@54AB02;5==K5 <>=C. # 42>9=8:0 =0 3>;>25 7=05 OAB@51><. 8A. 3. 0@5;L5D @>645=8O <5=>D8A0 III. 515=>: 8 53> 42>9=8:, :>B>@KE :>@<8B 3@C4LN 1>38=O H>@-!0B. 8A. 4. 0@5;L5D @>645=8O <5=>D8A0 III. 515=>: 8 70 =8< 53> 42>9=8:. 8A. 5. 0@5;L5D @>645=8O <5=>D8A0 III. 0 3>;>25 42>9=8:0 7=0@0 A OAB@51><. "@8 A<5@B8, 3>2>@8B 095, CG5=K9 @01>B=8: @0A:>?>: =B8=>9A:8E, A>548=5==K5 M;5<5=BK MB>9 ?>445@6:8, >1I59 45@602K, @0745;O;8AL, => 87 =8E 2A5E >4=> D878G5A:>5 B5;> ?5@5AB020;> 68BL. CH0, 0, 87>1@0605<0O 2 2845 ;0AB>G:8 A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9, C;5B0;0 2 1;065==K5 >1;0AB8. 87=5==>5 =0G0;>, EC, ?;04OI55 87 A>;=F0, 2>72@0I0;>AL : A2>5G03C. 2>9=8:, E0, ?>:840; B08=AB25==CN >1;0ABL =510, :>B>@0O 1K;0 53> <5AB>?@51K2=85<, F0@AB2> H>@, GB>1K ?5@5A5;8BLAO 2 <>38;C 8 A=>20 A>548=8BLAO A> A2>59 ?@56=59 45@602>9, 2;820O 2 =5Q =>2CN 687=L... 1@O4K ?>3@515=8O 8 :C;LB <5@B2KE 4>:07K20NB =0<, GB> A=>H5=8O 42>9=8:0 A =5G=> ?> <8AB8G5A:> =5A<>B@O =0 2848=5F 687=8 <0B5@8O ?@>4>;605B 68BL. "@51>20;>AL B>;L:> A>E@0=8BL B@C? 8 >1;040BL B09=>N 225AB8 53> 2 A=>H5=85 A 53> 42>9=8:><, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 54C B>B 65 02B>@, 7=0B>: 687=8 4@52=8E 538?BO=, B0: 3>2>@8; =0 ;5:F88, :>B>@CN >= ?@>G5; 2 ?@>@>G8F0E =B8=>9A:8E, > ?5@56820=89 42>9=8:0: "> 25@>20=8O< 4@52=8E 538?BO=, 2 G5;>25:5 5ABL 1>;55 B>=:>5 B5;>, :>B>@>5 6825B ?>A;5 A<5@B8 3@C1>3> B5;0. >A2OI5==>9 G0A>2=5, 2 45=L ?>3@515=8O, B5;> C<5@H53> ?>:>8BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 B>@0O A:>@> 1C45B C=5A5=0 2 5Q ?>475<=>5 68;8I5. 5>1E>48<> ?>701>B8BLAO > 5Q 1C4CI=>AB8, B0: :0: AC4L10 42>9=8:0 B5A=> A2O70=0 A AC4L1>9 B>@0O <>65B 1KBL >A:25@=5=0, C=8GB>65=0, :>B>@0O <>65B B0:65 @07;>68BLAO, GB> 2K720;> 1K C=8GB>65=85 42>9=8:0. !84O =0 B01C@5B5, 6@5F ?>4 ?>:@K20;>< 42>5:@0B=> 2K7K205B 4CHC C<5@H53>: "8B5;L <>38;K! 8B5;L <>38;K!" 2>9=8: O2;O5BAO, >B@065==K9 =0 AB5=5 8;8 M:@0=5. 3> 7025@BK20NB 2 ?>:@K20;> 8 ?5@5=>AOB =0 AB0BCN C<5@H53>, :>B>@0O 1C45B 53> 45@602>9. 2>9=8: ?@>4>;605B 68BL 2 <>38;5, => 2 A;CG05 >?0A=>AB8 >= <>65B 2K9B8 8 2AB0BL =0 >4=C 87 A2>8E 45@602, B0: :0: 4;O CAB@0=5=8O 2AO:>3> C25GLO, ?>E8I5=8O, C=8GB>65=8O, :>B>@K5 1K;8 1K @>:>2K<8 4;O =53>, 4;O =53> 703>B>2;ONB 45AOBL, 4204F0BL, AB> 45@602: :@>E>B=>5 87>1@065=85, :>B>@>5 <>6=> A:@KBL 2 ;N1>< C3>;:5, C=5AB8 2 :0@<0=5, 8;8 8A?>;8=A:85 AB0BC8, 2KA5G5==K5 2 3>@5, :>B>@K5 =52>7<>6=> ?>E8B8BL. >B MB8-B> AB0BC8 8 2>?@>H0;8 ?@>@>G8FK. E ?@8=8<0;8 70 682K5, >4CH52;5==K5 687=LN 42>9=8:0, 8 AB0BC8 >B25G0;8 A;>20<8 8;8 65AB0<8 =0 ?@54;0305?@>AK. ! =8<8 A>25I0;8AL 2> 2A5E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E 687=8, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL AC4L1C 8;8 >B2@0B8BL 7;K5 A8;K". III. "5;0 G5;>25:0 ?> 273;O40< A>2@5<5==KE :8B09F52. 110B LN, <8AA8>=5@ 2 8B05, 2 A5@548=5 XIX 25:0, >?8A0; 2 A2>5< "CB5H5AB288 2 8B09" G5BK@5 =0G0;0, A>AB02;ONI85 =0HC 2@5<5==CN ;8G=>ABL. (520;L5 C35=> 45-0AA>, :0B>;8:-?8A0B5;L, :>B>@K9 2AN4C 2848B <038N, 4065 345 5Q =5B, :>B>@K9 AG8B05B <03=5B875@>2 8 A?8@8B>2 ?><>I=8:0<8 040, =0?8A0; <=>3> A>G8=5=89 > <0388, 25AL<0 70<5G0B5;L=KE A B>G:8 7@5=8O 4>:C<5=B>2. = ;8G=> 7=0; 0110B0 LN, :>B>@K9 <=>3> @07 >1JOA=O; 5 4C<0NB :8B09A:85 D8;>A>DK >1 MB>< 2>?@>A5, 8 >= B0: 2:@0BF5 ?5@5405B MB8 >1JOA=5=8O: "'5;>25G5A:0O 4CH0 45;05B G5;>25:0 ACI5AB2>< @0AAC48B5;L=K<, => >=0 =5 ?@>AB0O 8 =5 G8AB>-4CE>2=0O. =0 A>AB>8B 87 B>=:8E G0AB59 <0B5@88: A>AB02 5Q >1@07C5BAO 87 42CE 3;02=KE G0AB59 ;8= 8 EC=L. 8=, 1>;55 >G8I5==0O 8 2KAH0O G0ABL, 1>;55 A?>A>1=0 4;O C548=5=8O 2 B5;5 >1@07C5BAO A<5H0==>5 ACI5AB2>, A?>A>1=>5 : 459AB28O< @07C<0 8 : 459AB28O<, 8<5NI8< >1J5:B>< <0B5@8N. @8 A<5@B8 ;8= 8 EC=L >AB0NBAO A>548=5==K<8. =8 A>AB02;ONB ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 =>A8B @07;8G=K5 =08<5=>20=8O, A<>B@O ?> <5ABC, :>B>@>5 >=> 70=8<05B 2 2>74CH=>9 85@0@E88; :8B09FK ?@87=0NB MB8 420 ACI5AB20 70 4CE>2=K5, => >1@07>202H85AO 87 >G8I5==>9 <0B5@88. G5;>25:5, 3>2>@OB >=8, 5ABL 5I5 B@5BL5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 A>548=O5BAO ;8HL A B5;><. B. 5. A G5B25@B>9 G0ABLN G5;>25:0, 8 @0AAB05BAO A =8< ;8HL ?>A;5 A>25@H5==>3> @07;>65=8O 53> 8;8 ?>;=>3> @0AA5820=8O 2A5E 53> G0AB59. => 8AG5705B B>340, :0: B5=L, ?>A;5 @07;>65=8O ?>@>482H53> 53> B5;0". II. !2>9AB20 8 >A>15==>AB8 =5284825:0. I. -D8@=>5 B5;>. II. AB@0;L=>5 B5;>. III. 5=B0;L=>5 B5;>. 7 G5BK@5E ?5@5G8A;5==KE <=>N B5; G5;>25:0 B@8, E>BO 8 <0B5@80;L=K, =528481K:=>25==KE CA;>28OE =0H53> D878G5A:>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 87 =0A. / 4>;65= A:070BL ?@5645 2A53>, GB> MD8@=K9 42>9=8: 8 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> ?>GB8 2A5340 A<5H820NB. >340 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE >4=> 87 =52848O2;O5BAO 2 2848<>9 D>@<5, D>@>1I5 =07K205B ?@87@0:>< B5<=K9 =0@>4, =5 8<5NI89 ?>=OB8O >1 >::C;LB=>9 =0C:5; 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 65 1>;55 >A254><;5==KE 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 ;N459 MB> 157@07;8G=> 42>9=8: 8;8 0AB@0; @0742>5==>3> G5;>25:0. ;O B>3>, GB>1K C<5BL @07;8G0BL 8E 8 2 >A>15==>AB8 GB>1K 8<5BL @C:>2>4OICN =8BL 2 70?CB0==>< ;018@8=B5 >?KB>2, ;6=K 7=0BL A2>9AB20 8 >A>15==>AB8, 8725AB=K5 8;8 ?@54?>;03053> 87 MB8E B>=G09H8E B5;. >B 3;02=K5: I. 2>9=8: 8;8 MD8@=>5 B5;>. -D8@=K9 42>9=8: OA=> 2845= ?>43>B>2;5==>2>@8B ==8 570=B, >= 8<55B A5@>-D8>;5B>2K9 F25B: AB8 >B B>3>, 3@C1K< 8;8 >G8I5==K< O2;O5BAO ?;>B=>5 B5;>. ... -B> 1;03>40@O MD8@=>9=8:C 687=5==0O A8;0 ?@0=0 ?5@5<5I05BAO ?> =5@20< B5;0, GB> 8 ?>72>;O5B 8< 459AB2>20BL 2 :0G5AB25 =>A8B5;59 42830B5;L=>9 A8;K 8 >15A?5G8205B 8E GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL : 2=5H=8< 2>7459AB28O<. > =8 D878G5A:0O, =8 MD8@=0O =5@2=K5 AC1AB0=F88 =5 O2;ONBAO 2<5AB8;8I5< 9 8 42830B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB59, @02=> :0: 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 GC2AB2>20BL, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 O2;ONBAO 459AB28O<8 "/", ?@>O2;ONI53>AO 2 A2>8E 2=CB@5==8E B5;0E; 53> ?@>O2;5=85 =0 D878G5A:>< C@>2=5 AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=K< 1;03>40@O ?5@5<5I5=8N 4KE0=8O 687=8 24>;L =5@2=KE 2>;>:>= 8 2>:@C3 =5@2=KE :;5B>:..." ("'5;>25: 8 53> B5;0", A. 36). ";O OA=>284OI53> MD8@=K9 42>9=8:, 3>2>@8B 5418B5@, 2K3;O48B :0: 1;54=>-A25BOI55AO BC<0==>5 A3CI5=85 D8>;5B>2>3> F25B0, :>B>@>5 ?@>=87K205B 1>;55 ?;>B=>5 D878G5A:>5 B5;> 8 =5A:>;L:> 2KE>48B 70 53> ?@545;K" (:0: MB> ?>:070=> =0 @8A. 6). ("'5;>25: 2848@>2>3> G5;>25:0 KE>4OI0O 70 ?@545;K D878G5A:>3> B5;0 G0ABL =07K205BAO 0C@>9. "-BC ?>;=>ABLN D878G5A:CN G0ABL 0C@K G5;>25:0, ?@>4>;605B B>B 65 02B>@, 8=>340 =07K20NB "0C@>9 74>@>2LO", ?>B> 55 A>AB>O=85 7028A8B >B 74>@>2LO G5;>25:0. > F25BC >=0 1;54=0O, 3>;C1>20B>-15;0O, ?>GB8 ?@>7@0G=0O; :065BAO, GB> 2 =59 <=>65AB2> ;8=89, @02=><5@=> 8AE>4OI8E 87 B5;0 2 @07=KE =0?@02;5=8OE. -B> >1KG=>5 A>AB>O=85 A>25@H5==> 74>@>2>3> B5;0. 8=88 >B45;5=K 4@C3 >B 4@C30, C?>@O4>G5=K 8 @0A?>;>65=K >B=>A8B5;L=> ?0@0;;5;L=>, =0A:>;L:> MB> 4>?CA:05B A8O=85. A;CG05 1>;57=8 :0@B8=0 87<5=O5BAO, 21;878 ?>@065==>9 G0AB8 ;8=88 8A:@82;ONBAO, AB0=>2OBAO =5C?>@O4>G5==K<8, =0?@02;5==K<8 2 @07=K5 AB>@>=K 8;8 ?>28A0NB, ?>4>1=> AB51;N C2O4H53> F25B:0." (B0< 65, A. 112). "> 2@52>@8B ==8 570=B, 53> :8405B MB8 420 B5;0 (D878G5A:>5 8 MD8@=>5) 8;8, 25@=55, >4=> MB> B5;>, A>AB>OI55 87 2848<>9 8 =52848<>9 G0AB59; 2 ?>A;54=89 @07 >=> 45;05B MB> 2 <><5=B A<5@B8, => 2 MB>< A;CG05 >=> C2;5:05B 70 A>1>9 B0:65 8 MD8@=>3> 42>9=8:0, >B45;OO 53> >B ?;>B=>9 :>?88 8 ?@5:@0I0O B0:8< >1@07>< 4>ABC? : ?>A;54=5 53> 2 548=>5 >@30=8G5A:>5 F5;>5. 4=0:> 2A:>@5 "O" >A2>1>6405BAO 8 >B MD8@=>3> 42>9=8:0, :>B>@K9, :0: 2>@8;8, =5 <>65B ?5@59B8 =0 0AB@0;L=K9 ?;0= 8 >AB05BAO, GB>1K @07@CH8BLAO, ?>4>1=> A2>5B=>687=5==>340 MD8@=K9 42>9=8: ?@>O2;O5BAO A@07C ?>A;5 A<5@B8 D878G5A:>3> B5;0 8 ?@54AB05B ?5@54 4@C7LO<8 C<5@H53>, 5A;8 53> C<5@H55 B5;> =0E>48BAO =5?>40;5:C. >, :0: ?@028;>, >= =5 2K:07K205B 70<5B=KE ?@87=0:>2 A>7=0=8O 8 ?@>AB> "?@>O2;O5B" A51O, =8G53> ?@8 MB>< =5 45;0O 8 =5 3>2>@O. #2845BL 53> 2 A8;C 53> D878G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K A@02=8B5;L=> ;53:>: =51>;LH>5 =0?@O65=85 =5@2=>9 A8AB528BAO 4>AB0B>G=> >AB@K<, GB>1K @073;O45BL 53>. = B0:65 ?>28=5= 2 G0AB>< ?>O2;5=88 :;0418I5=A:8E ?@87@0:>2, ?>A:>;L:C 28B05B 2@5<5=0<8 =04 <>38;>9, 2 :>B>@>9 =0E>48BAO 53> D878G5A:89 42>9=8:, 0 ?> C:070==K< 2KH5 ?@8G8=0< C2845BL 53> 3>@074> ?@>I5, G5< 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>." ("'5;>25: 8 53> B5;0", AB@. 38). >340 ?@8E>48B A<5@BL, 2 >A>15==>AB8 5A;8 D878G5A:>5 B5;> >A;01;5=> 4>;3>9 1>;57=LN 8;8 87<>645=> AB0@G5A:>9 4@OE;>ABLN, B5@OO A8;K C45@60BL D878G5A:CN 687=L, 42>9=8: M:AB5@8>@87C5BAO 8 ?>?0405B ?>4 2>7459AB28O =0?@O65==KE GC2AB2 =5:>B>@KE C<8@0NI8E. # 1>;LH8=AB20 ?>A;54=8E >= 2>71C6405B =0AB>OI89 C60A, B0: :0: >=8 ?>AB>O==> 284OB >:>;> A51O 15A?>:>9=>3> ?@87@0:0, :>B>@K9 =5 ?>:8405B 8E 8 :>B>@>3> >=8 ?>GB8 =8:>340 =5 ?@87=0NB 70 A2>53> 42>9=8:0. 5:>B>@K5 C<8@0NI85 =5 284OB, => GC2AB2CNB 53>. =8 2?>;=5 A>7=0NB, GB> :B>-B> 2>7;5 =8E ;568B @O4><, ?>GB8 2A5340 A ;52>9 AB>@>=K. 5@=> 8;8 =525@=>, => 2A5 B5>A>DK CB25@640NB, GB> 70=OB85 <548C<87<>< >?0A=>. ==8 570=B, :>B>@CN O ?>4>7@520N 2 ?@5C25;8G820=88, B0: 2KA:07K205BAO ?> MB>?@>AC: ">4>1=>5 @0745;5=85 (D878G5A:>3> 8 MD8@=>3> B5;) 2>7<>6=> 4;O =>@<0;L=>3> G5;>25:0 B>;L:> ?>A;5 A<5@B8, E>BO ACI5AB2CNB 8 B0:85 ;N48, :>B>@K5 A?>A>1=K =0 G0AB8G=>5 @0745;5=85 A2>53> D878G5A:>3> B5;0 2> 2@59 687=8 8E =07K20NB <548C<0<8. -B> 25AL<0 >?0A=>5 >B:;>=5=85, ?>A:>;L:C >=> A>?@O65=> A =5@2=K< =0?@O65=85< 8 =5@2=K<8 @0AAB@>9AB20<8, =>, : AG0ABLN, 2AB@5G05BAO >=> A@02=8B5;L=> @54:>. MB>< A;CG05 ?@8 >B45;5=88 >B D878G5A:>3> B5;0 MD8@=K9 42>9=8: @0745;O5BAO =042>5; ?>;=>ABLN >= =8:0: =5 <>65B >B45;8BLAO >B ?;>B=>3> B5;0, =5 2K7202 A<5@B8 ?>A;54=53>, ?>A:>;L:C 53> ?@8ACBAB285 O2;O5BAO >1O70B5;L=K< CA;>285<, >15A?5G820NI8< F8@:C;OF8N 2 B5;5 4KE0=8O 687=8. > 4065 G0AB8G=>5 53> >B45;5=85 ?>3@C605B B5;> 2 A>AB>O=85 ;5B0@388, 8 53> 687=545OB5;L=>ABL ?@0:B8G5A:8 70<8@05B; ?@>F5AA 2>AA>548=5=8O 53> @0745;82H8EAO G0AB59 2K7K205B A>AB>O=85 :@09=53> CB><;5=8O, 8 2?;>BL 4> 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O 53> =>@<0;L=>3> 548=AB20 D878G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 <548C<0 O2;O5BAO >G5=L =5AB018;L=K< 8 G@520BK< >?0A=K<8 ?>A;54AB28O<8. (B0< 65, A. 39). 7;CG5=8O <03=5B875@0, :>B>@K5 8=>340 2848B>@KE 1>;L=KE 2 8725AB=KE CA;>28OE, 8AE>4OB 87 MD8@=>3> B5;0 8 459AB2CNB =0 B0:>2>5 65 B5;> 1>;L=>3>. A;8 42>9=8:, 459AB28B5;L=>, A>45@68B 2 A515 687=5==>ABL, >4CH52;ONICN D878G5A:>5 B5;>, 8 5A;8 =0 =5< ;568B >1O70==>ABL @0728B8O 8 A>E@0=5=8O ?>A;54=53>, B> >G5284=>, GB> =0 =53> 8 4>;6=0 =0?@028BL A2>8 AB0@0=8O <548F8=0. "0:>2> ?> :@09=59 <5@5 <=5=85 4>:B>@0 0A:0;O, 02B>@0 <=>38E A>G8=5=89 ?>?C;O@=>9 B5>A>D88. > 4>;3> 5I5 MB>3> =5 1C45B, B0: :0: >D8F80;L=0O <548F8=0, =5 ?@840NI0O 1>;LH>3> 7=0G5=8O ?@8G8=0< 1>;57=8, A;8H:>< >E>B=> =0?@02;O5B A2>8 C40@K =0 A8BO 8 7=05B, GB> MB8 C40@K ?>GB8 2A5340 ?>;CG05B A0< 1>;L=>9. >340 42>9=8: M:AB5@8>@87C5BAO, >= ?>GB8 2A5340 2KE>48B A ;52>9 AB>@>=K, =0 C@>2=5 A5;575=:8, ?>4 284>< 87;CG5=89. II. AB@0;L=>5 B5;> B>=LH5, =56=55, G5< ?@54K4CI55, A5@>-3>;C1>20B>3> F25B0 :@0A82KE, =56=KE >BB5=:>2, :>B>@K5 1KAB@> <5=ONBAO ?>4 2;8O=85< 2>;=5=8O. # G5;>25:0 @0728B>3> 8 C ;N459, @0728202H8E MB> B5;> A A?5F80;L=>9 F5;LN ?@56=8E :>;4C=>2 >=> >G5=L E>@>H> >@30=87>20=> 8 7=0G8B5;L=> A;>6=55, G5< D878G5A:>5 B5;>. => 8<55B GC2AB20, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 D878G5A:8< GC2AB20<, => A?>A>1=K5 >B7K20BLAO =0 1>;55 1KAB@K5 281@0F88, GB> ?@8405B 8< 1`>;LHCN GCB:>ABL 8 A8;C. -B> >@C485 4CH8 =0 0AB@0;L=>< ?;0=5 2 ?5@2CN =0HC AB048N 2 ?>BCAB>@>==5< <8@5, ?>A;5 D878G5A:>9 A<5@B8; MB> B0:65 5Q >@C485 2> 2@5 A=0, 0 8=>340, E>BO @565, 2 =5:>B>@KE =5>?@545;5==KE A>AB>O=8OE <564C A=>< 8 1>4@AB2>20=85<. "?8A0BL ?>;=>ABLN AD>@<8@>202H55AO 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> G5;>25:0 =5A;>6=>, 3>2>@8B ==8 570=B, ?@54AB02LB5 A515, GB> G5;>25: ?>:8405B A2>5 D878G5A:>5 B5;> 8 >B =53> >AB05BAO ;8HL 1>;55 ?@>7@0G=0O, A25BOI0OAO :>?8O, G5B:> @07;8G8<0O 4;O OA=>284OI53>, => =54>ABC?=0O >1KG=>;=>ABLN AD>@<8@>202H55AO 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>", B0: :0: =54>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:>@0728BK9 G5;>25: =0?><8=05B 2 A2>5< 0AB@0;L=>< B5;5 M<1@8>=. 3> :>=BC@K 5I5 =5 >?@545;8;8AL; <0B5@80;, 87 :>B>@>3> >=> A45;0=>, BCA:;K9 8 @KE;K9; 8 5A;8 >B45;8BL 53> >B D878G5A:>3> B5;0, B> >=> ?@54AB0=5B 2 2845 15AD>@<5==>3>, <5=ONI53> A2>8 >G5@B0=8O >1;0:0, O2=> =5?@83>4=>3> 4;O @>;8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> =>A8B5;O; ?> ACB8 45;0, >=> A:>@55 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A3CAB>: 0AB@0;L=>9 <0B5@88, G5< AD>@<8@>202H55AO 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>; <0AAC 87 0AB@0;L=>9 ?@>B>?;07<8=0NICN 0<51C. >;=>ABLN AD>@<8@>202H55AO 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> C:07K205B =0 B>, GB> G5;>25: 4>AB83 25AL<0 2KA>:>3> C@>2=O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 :C;LBC@K, 8;8 4CE>2=>3> @0728B8O; B0: GB> 2=5H=89 284 0AB@0;L=>3> B5;0 O2;O5BAO ?>:070B5;5< C@>2=O ?@>3@5AA0, 4>AB83=CB>3> 53> >1;040B5;5<. ... 0: => ?@>=87K205B D878G5A:>5 B5;> 8 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO 40;55 2> 2A5 AB>@>=K >B =53>, ?>4>1=> F25B=>1;0:C. &25B 53> 7028A8B >B ?@8@>4K G5;>25:0 >B 53> =87H59, 682>B=>9, AB@0AB=>9 ?@8@>4K, 0 B0 53> G0ABL, :>B>@0O @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO 70 ?@545;K D878G5A:>3> B5;0, =07K205BAO :0<8G5A:>9 0C@>9, ?>A:>;L:C ?@8=04;568B >=0 B5;C :01KG=> =07K205<>< G5;>25:0. 54L 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< :0<8G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O G5;>25:0, 2<5AB8;8I5< 2A5E 682>B=KE AB@0AB59 8 65;0=89, F5=B@>< GC2AB2, 2 :>B>@><, :0: C65 3>2>@8;>AL, 2>7=8:0NB 2A5 >ICI5=8O. 81@8@CO ?>4 2>7459AB285< => ?>AB>O==> 87<5=O5B A2>9 F25B: 5A;8 G5;>25: 2KE>48B 87 A51O, >=> ?>:@K205BAO 0;K<8 ?OB=0<8; 5A;8 >= 2;N1;5=, ?> =5E>4OB ?5@5;820<8 @>7>2>-:@0A=K5 2>;=K." ("'5;>25: 8 53> B5;0", A. 50 52). ""5?5@L, 5A;8 B@8< DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 0AB@0;L=>3> B5;0 2 A>AB>O=88 A=0 8 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O, B> 9<5<, :0: >=> 459AB2C5B, :>340 A0<> AB0=>28BAO =>A8B5;5< A>7=0=8O, C65 157 CG0AB8O ?;>B=>3> B5;0. A;8 B@8< 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> G5;>25:0 2 B> 2@5340 >= A?8B 8 :>340 >= 1>4@AB2C5B, B> 70<5B8< >4=> 25AL<0 E0@0:B5@=>5 @07;8G85: :>340 G5;>25: 1>4@AB2C5B, 2AO 53> 0AB@0;L=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL 87<5=5=85 F25B0 8 B>4>1=>5 ?@>8AE>48B 2 ?@545;0E A0<>3> D878G5A:>3> B5;0 8 2 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 1;87>AB8 >B =53>; => :>340 G5;>25: A?8B, 0AB@0;L=>5 8 D878G5A:>5 B5;0 >B45;ONBAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30, 8 2 B> 2@55 B5;> :0: ?;>B=>5 B5;>, B0: 8 MD8@=K9 42>9=8: <8@=> ?>:>OBAO 2 ?>AB5;8, 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> ?0@8B =04 =8<8. A;8 G5;>25: 8<55B A@54=55 @0728B85, B> 53> 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>, 1C4CG8 >B45;5==K< >B D878G5A:>3>, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 15AD>@<5==CN <0AAC, :0: C65 1K;> A:070=> 2KH5; >=> =5 <>65B >B40;OBLAO =0 7=0G8B5;L=>5 @0AAB>O=85 >B D878G5A:>3> B5;0, =5 <>65B A;C68BL 2 :0G5AB25 =>A8B5;O A>7=0=8O; 8 G5;>25: 2 =5< <>65B ?@51K20BL ;8HL 2 >G5=L =5>?@545;5==><, ?>;CA>==>< A>AB>O=88, =5 1C4CG8 040?B8@>20==K< : 45OB5;L=>AB8 2=5 A2>53> D878G5A:>3> =>A8B5;O. ... A;8 ?@>87>945B GB>-=81C4L, =0?@02;5==>5 =0 5I5 1>;LH55 >BAB@0=5=85 0AB@0;L=>3> B5;0 >B 53> D878G5A:>3> A?CB=8:0, ?>A;54=89 ?@>A=5BAO, 8 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> BCB 65 2>AA>548=8BAO A =8<. > 5A;8 @0AA<>B@5BL B>B 65 2>?@>A, 27O2 2KA>:>@0728B>3> G5;>25:0, B> 5ABL B0:>3>, :>B>@K9 <>3 1K 459AB2>20BL 8 =0 0AB@0;L=>< C@>2=5, 8A?>;L7CO 4;O MB>3> A2>5 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>, B> , :>340 53> D878G5A:>5 B5;> ?>3@C605BAO 2 A>=, 0 0AB@0;L=>5 >B45;O5BAO >B =53>, B> >=> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B>G=CN :>?8N D878G5A:>3> B5;0 MB>3> G5;>25:0, : B>;=>< A>7=0=88; 53> 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> ?>;=>ABLN AD>@<8@>20=> 8 8<55B G5B:85 >G5@B0=8O, 2K3;O48B >=> 2 B>G=>AB8 B0: 65, :0: 8 A0< G5;>25:, 8 <>65B A;C68BL 5A8B5;O A>7=0=8O (8 =04> A:070BL, GB> MB>B =>A8B5;L 3>@074> C4>1=55 D878G5A:>3>). '5;>25: ?@8 MB>< 1>4@AB2C5B 8 <>65B 459AB2>20BL 2 MB>< B5;5 1>;55 0:B82=> 8 1>;55 A>25@H5==> 8 =045;5= ;CGH59 A?>A>1=>ABLN ?>7=020=8O, =565;8 B>340, :>340 >= 1K; >3@0=8G5= @0<:0<8 ?;>B=>3> D878G5A:>3> =>A8B5;O; >= <>65B 157 B@C40 8 A >3@><=>9 A:>@>ABLN ?5@5<5I0BLAO =0 ;N1K5 @0AAB>O=8O, =5 4>AB02;OO ?@8 MB>< =8 <0;59H53> 15A?>:>9AB20 A?OI5AB5;8 D878G5A:>5 B5;> <>65B ?@54AB0BL ?5@54 4@C38<8 ;N4L<8 2=5 A2>53> D878G5A:>3> 42>9=8:0 :0: 2> 2@59 687=8 53> 2;045;LF0, B0: 8 ?>A;5 =55. 07C<55BAO, B>B, :B> 2 A>25@H5=AB25 >2;045; 8A:CAAB2>< C?@02;5=8O A2>8< 0AB@0;L=K< B5;><, <>65B >AB028BL A2>5 D878G5A:>5 B5;> 2 ;N1>9 <><5=B 8 >B?@028BLAO 2 0AB@0;L=>9 D>@<5 =0 :0:>5 C3>4=> @0AAB>O=85. 5A;8 B>B G5;>25:, :>B>@>< B5;5 @5H8; =0=5AB8 2878B, >1;0405B OA=>2845=85<, B.5. 0AB@0;L=K< 7@5=85<, B> >= A<>65B C2845BL A2>53> 3>ABO 2 53> 0AB@0;L=>< B5;5; 5A;8 65 MB>B G5;>25: OA=>2845=85< =5 >1;0405B, B> 3>ABL <>65B A;53:0 C?;>B=8BL A2>9 0AB@0;L=K9 =>A8B5;L, 218@0O 2 =53> G0AB8G:8 D878G5A:>9 <0B5@88 87 >:@C60NI59 53> 0B<>AD5@K, B0:8< >1@07>< 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> <>65B 4>AB0B>G=> "<0B5@80;87>20BLAO", GB>1K 53> <>6=> 1K;> C2845BL D878G5A:8< 7@5=85<. -B8< >1JOA=ONBAO <=>385 D5=><5=0;L=K5 ?>O2;5=8O >1@07>2 4@C759 8 7=0:>4OI8EAO 2 MB> 2@52>;L=> 40;5:> O2;5=85 1>;55 G0AB>5, G5< 2>>1I5 4C<0NB... @8 >?@545;5==KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E MB8 0AB@0;L=K5 >1@07K <>3CB 2845BL 4065 B5, :B> 5I5 =5 @0728; 2 A515 0AB@0;L=>5 7@5=85, 4065 5A;8 ?>O2;ONI85AO 2 0AB@0;L=KE B5;0E ;N48 =5 ?@81530NB ?@8 MB>< : <0B5@80;870F88. A;8 D878G5A:0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 G5;>25:0 ?5@5=0?@O65=0, 0 D878G5A:>5 B5;> >A;01;5=> (=0?@8<5@, 1>;57=LN), B> 687=5==0O M=5@38O 2 =5< ?C;LA8@C5B A;0155, G5< >1KG=>; ?@8 MB>< 2>7@0AB05B 7028A8<>ABL =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >B MD8@=>3> 42>9=8:0, GB> @57:> ?>2KH05B 55 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL. B0:8E CA;>28OE G5;>25: <>65B =0 2@5284OI8<. 0?@8<5@, <0BL, :>B>@0O 7=05B, GB> 55 AK=, =0E>4OI89AO 345-B> 70 3@0=8F59, BO65;> 1>;5=, 8 A8;K :>B>@>9 8AB>I5=K 15A?>:>9AB2>< > =5< <>65B AB0BL 2>A?@889 : 0AB@0;L=K< 281@0F8O<, >A>15==> 2 =>G=K5 G0AK, :>340 687=5==0O M=5@38O A=8605BAO 4> A2>53> <8=8<0;L=>3> C@>2=O; 5A;8 65 8 55 AK= B>65 4C<05B 2 MB> 2@5 =59, 0 53> D878G5A:>5 B5;> ?>3@C65=> 2 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 A>AB>O=85, B> 53> 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> <>65B ?5@5=5AB8AL : =59, 8 2?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, GB> >=0 C2848B 53>. '0I5 2A53> B0:85 ?5@5<5I5=8O A;CG0NBAO A@07C ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> 1C45B 8AB>@3=CB> 87 D878G5A:>3> "A<5@BLN" ?>A;54=53>. >4>1=K5 D5=><5=K 2>7=8:0NB 4>2>;L=> G0AB>, >A>15==> B>340, :>340 G5;>25: AB@0AB=> 65;05B C2845BL :>3>-;81>, A :5< 53> A2O7K20NB C7K ;N128, 8;8 65 5A;8 >= AB@5<8BAO ?5@540BL :> >?@545;5==CN 8=D>@<0F8N, => C<8@05B, =5 CA?52 >ACI5AB28BL MB> AB@5<;5=85." ("0< 65, A. 65). !>AB02;5==>5 87 1>;55 B>=:>9 <0B5@88, G5< B5;> D878G5A:>5, 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;> ?@>7@0G=>. -B> A2>9AB2> 53> ?>4B25@6405BAO =0@>4=K< ?>25@L5<, ?> :>B>@> C ?@87@0:>2 =5 >B1@0AK205B B5=8, 8 A:2>7L =53> <>6=> 2845BL =0E>4OI85AO ?>7048 ?@87@0:0 ?@54<5BK. K20NB 8A:;NG5=8O, :>340 >G5=L A3CI5==K9 0AB@0; ?@8BO38205B : A515 <0B5@8N A D878G5A:>3> ?;0=0, GB>1K 2?>;=5 <0B5@80;87>20BLAO 8 ?@8=OBL A>25@H5==K9 284 682>3> G5;>25:0, G53>G8A;5==K5 ?@8<5@K 2 "8B8OE !2OBKE". @87@0: 1K205B 2>>1I5 >45B, :0: >1K:=>25==> >45205BAO D878G5A:89 G5;>25:; => 8=>340 >= ?>O2;O5BAO, 70:CB0==K9 2 D;N848G5A:89 307. = <>65B ?>:07K20BLAO 2 @07;8G=KE D>@<0E, 8 B5>A>DK CB25@640NB ?> MB>2>4C, GB> 2 1>;LH59 G0AB8 A?8@8B8G5A:8E <0B5@80;870F89 M:AB5@8>@87>20==K9 0AB@0; <548C<0 ?@8=8<05B D>@O282H53>AO ACI5AB20. =8 =5 >B@8F0NB 2>7<>6=>AB8 A>>1I5=89 <564C 68B5;5< 0AB@0;L=>3> ?;0=0 8 <548C<><, => >=8 CB25@640NB, GB> A>>1I5=8O MB8 25AL<0 @54:> 1K20NB, 40 8 B>, 3>2>@OB >=8, =8GB> =5 4>:07K205B, GB> >=8 459AB28B5;L=> >1CA;>2;5=K ?@8ACBAB285< G5;>25:0, B0: :0: =0 0AB@0;L=>< ?;0=5 8<5NBAO ACI5AB20, =8:>340 =5 682H85 =0 D878G5A:>< ?;0=5, :>B>@K5 B5< =5 <5=55 <>3CB ?@>O2;OBLAO =0 =5<. AB@0;L=>5 B5;> <548C<0 <>65B ?>:07K20BLAO 4065 2 D>@<5 682>B=KE: ?@>O2;5=8O B0:>3> @>40 =07K20;8AL 2 1K;K5 2@5<5=0 >1>@>B=O<8. III. 5=B0;L=>5 B5;>. A5 B5>A>DK A>3;0A=> >?8AK20NB 53> 1;8AB0NI8< O@:8< A25B>< A G@572KG09=> =56=K<8 >BB5=:0<8, :>B>@K5 <54;5==> <5=ONBAO. -B> >@C485 4CH8 ?0 ?;0=5 340 >=0 ?>:8=C;0 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>. KA;5==>5 B5;> >1@07C5BAO ?>AB5?5==> ?>4 2;8O=85< A>15==>AB8 5A;8 ?>A;54=OO 1;03>@>4=0 8 2>72KH5==0; 8 ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: >1@07C5BAO B5;>, >=> C25;8G8205BAO 2 >1J5<5, B. 5. @0AB5B. "59AB2CO A>2<5AB=> A 0AB@0;L=K< 8 D878G5A:8< B5;0<8, 3>2>@8B ==8 570=B, B5;> @07C<0 =5 O2;O5BAO >4=0:> 65 B>G=>9 :>?859 D878G5A:>3> G5;>25:0 (?>4>1=> 0AB@0;L=> 8<55B >20;L=K9 :>=BC@, ?>E>689 ?> D>@<5 =0 O9F>, 8, :0: <>6=> 4>3040BLAO, =0A;08205BAO =0 D878G5A:>5 8 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;0, >:@C60O 8E ?> <5@5 A2>53> @0728B8O A25BOI59AO 0C@>9, :>B>@0O AB0=>28BAO, :0: O C65 3>2>@8;0, 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 2 ?@>F5AA5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @>AB0 G5;>25:0. 5B =C64K 3>2>@8BL, GB> 2A;54AB285 @0728B8O 2KAH8E CA>1=>AB59 G5;>25:0 MB0 O9F5>1@07=0O D>@<0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2> 2AN 1>;55 ?@5:@0A=K9 8 25;8G5AB25==K9 >1J5:B" ("0< 65, A. 77). >A?@8OB85 5 C @0728B>3> G5;>25:0 3>@074> 1>;55 @0728B>, G5< 0AB@0;L=K5 GC2AB20. KA;5==>5 2>A?@8OB85 A>25@H05BAO :0: 1K >4=8< GC2AB2><. ==8 570=B 3>2>@8B ?> MB>2>4C: " 07C< =0G8=05B >ICI0BL ?@8ACBAB285 =5:>B>@KE 25I59 87 53> A>1AB25==>3> <8@0, :0: 1K =5?>A@54AB25==> 2ABC?0O 2 :>=B0:B A =8<. 45AL =5 =C6=K =8:0:85 >A>1K5 >@30=K, GB>1K 2845BL, A;KH0BL, >AO70BL, >1>=OBL 8 >?@545;OBL 2:CA; 2A5 B5 :>;510=8O, :>B>@K5 A?@8=8<05< 745AL G5@57 ?>A@54AB2> >?@545;5==KE >@30=>2 GC2AB2, 2 B>< <8@5 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO 2> 2A59 A2>59 ?>;=>B5 =5?>A@54AB25==> @07C<><, 5A;8 >= A?>A>15= C;02;820BL 8E. "5;> ICI05B 8E 2A5 >4=>2@5<5==>, B> 5ABL ?>AB>O==> GC2AB2C5B 2A5 B>, GB> >=> 2>>1I5 2 A>AB>O=88 >ICB8BL." ("0< 65, A. 78). 5418B5@ CB25@6405B 4065: "!0<> B> GC2AB2>, :>B>@K< 65< 2AQ MB> ?>7=020BL, O2;O5BAO 2>2A5 =5 =08<5=LH8< 87 GC45A MB>3> =515A=>3> <8@0. 01;N40B5;L 1>;LH5 =5 4>;65= A;KH0BL, 2845BL 8 >AO70BL ?>A@54AB2>< >@30=>2, >B45;Q==KE 4@C3 >B 4@C30 8 >3@0=8G5==KE 2 A2>8E A?>A>1=>ABOE, :0: >= MB> 45;05B 2 =0H5< <8@5, 8 >= ?@8>1@5B05B 4065 =5 BC @0AH8@5==CN A?>A>1=>ABL 7@5=8O 8 A;CE0, :>B>@>9 >= >1;040; =0 0AB@0;L=>< ?;0=5. <5AB> MB>3> >= GC2AB2C5B 2 A515 ?@8ACBAB285 :0:>9-B> AB@0==>9 =>2>9 A?>A>1=>AB8, :>B>@0O =5 O2;O5BAO =8G5< 87 ?@54K4CI8E, => B5< =5 <5=55 70:;NG05B 2 A515 8E 2A5 8 7=0G8B5;L=> 8E ?@52>AE>48B. =0 ?>72>;O5B 5340 ?5@54 =8< ?@54AB0QB :0:>9-=81C4L G5;>25: 8;8 ?@54<5B, =5 B>;L:> 53> 2845BL 8 A;KH0BL, => 5IQ 8 <3=>25==> 53> ?>7=020BL, 87=CB@8 8 A=0@C68 53> ?@8G8=K, 53> ?>A;54AB28O, 53> 2>7<>6=>AB8, ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 2 B><, GB> :0A05BAO <5=B0;L=>3> ?;0=0 8 2A5E 4@C38E ?;0=>2, ;560I8E =865 53>. = >1=0@C68205B, GB> 4C<0BL 4;O =53> >7=0G05B ?>AB830BL 8 >A>7=020BL, 8 2 =5?>A@54AB25==>< 459AB288 MB>3> 2KAH53> GC2AB20 =5B <5AB0 =8:0:><=5=8N, :>;510=8N 8;8 7045@6:5. C<05B ;8 >= > :0:><-;81> <5AB5 >= C65 =0E>48BAO B0<, > :0:><-;81> 4@C35 53> 4@C3 C65 ?5@54 =8<. ;O =53> 1>;55 =5 ACI5AB2C5B 2>7<>6=>AB8 =54>@07C<5=89, 8 >= C65 =5 <>65B 1KBL >1<0=CB 8;8 2254Q= 2 701;C645=85 :0:8<8-;81> 2=5H=8<8 2848<>ABO<8, 81> :0640O 53> 4@C30 >B:@K20NBAO ?5@54 =8< =0 MB>< ?;0=5, ?>4>1=> :=835. A;8 5AG0AB;828;>AL 8<5BL A@548 A2>8E 4@C759 B0:>3>, GLQ 2KAH55 GC2AB2> AB>;L 65 @0728B>, 8E >1I5=85 1C45B AB>;L A>25@H5==K<, GB> ?@527>94QB 2A5 75<=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. ;O =8E 1>;LH5 =5 1C45B @0AAB>O=89 8 @07;C:, 8E GC2AB20 C65 1>;55 =5 A:@KBK 8 =5 2K@065=K ;8HL 2 =5C:;N68E A;>20E, 2>?@>AK 8 >B25BK 4;O =8E C65 87;8H=8, B0: :0: C<5=B 8E >1@07>20=8O, 8 >1<5= 845O<8 >:07K205BAO AB>;L 65 1KAB@, :0: 2A?KH:8 2>7=8:=>25=8O MB8E 8 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 G5;>25: 4@AB2CNI5<" A>7=0=88, B> 5ABL >AB020OAL A2O70==K< A> A2>8<8 D878G5A:8< 8 0AB@0;L=K< B5;0<8, ?@>872>48B5;5< AB05BAO B5;> @07C<0; < ?5@5E>48B A?5@20 2 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>, 0 70B5< 8 2 D878G5A:>5; :>340 4C<05B =0H5 B5;> @07C<0 =>A8B5;L 7=0=85, ?@>O2;ONI55AO 2 2845 =0H53> A>1AB25==>3> "O"." ("'5;>25: 8 53> B5;0", A. 79). ;0= ?@51K20=85 4CH8, A> A2>8< B5;>< @C48O, =07K205BAO 4M20G0= C B5>A>D>2 (E@8AB80=A:89 @09), 0 68B5;L MB>9 2KAH59 >1;0AB8 4M20G0=8. M20G0=8, B. 5. C<5@H89 =0 75<;5, ?@51K20O 2 4M20G0=5, 345 >= ?>68=05B ?;>4K A2>59 75<=>9 @01>BK, =0A;0640OAL 70A;C65==K< 8< AG0ABL5<, =8:>8< >1@07>< =5 <>65B A>>1I0BLAO A 75<=K< ?;0=><. 5A;8 2 G@572KG09=> @54:8E A;CG0OE ?@>8AE>48B 459AB28B5;L=>5 A>>1I5=85 <564C 4M20G0=8 8 >G5=L @0728BK< G5;>25:><, B> MB> 7=0G8B, ?> CB25@645=8N B5E 65 B5>A>D>2, GB> B5;> A;54=53> 2> 2@5 D878G5A:>3> B5;0 ?>4=O;>AL 4> 4M20G0=8, 2845;> 53>, 24>E=>28;>AL 53> A2>573C 2>A?><8=0=85 A2>8E 2?5G0B;5=89. > >=8 =5 3>2>@OB, <>65B ;8 B5;> 25:0 ?>:07K20BLAO 4@C3>25:C =5 2> A=5. 5AL<0 25@>OB=>, GB> 5A;8 B5;> 65B ?>:840BL 0AB@0; 4;O >48=>G=>3> ?CB5H5AB28O, B> B>;L:> G5;>25: A ?A8E8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@>9, 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@52KH0NI59 >1KG=>5 2KA>:>5 @0728B85, A?>A>15= 2845BL 53>. -B> CB25@645=85 B5>A>D>2, GB> B5;> 65B ?5@5=>A8BLAO 2 @09, =5 =>2>. 1 MB>< 3>2>@8BAO 2> 2B>@>< >A;0=88 0?. 02;0 : >@8=DO=0<, 3;. XII, AB. 2, 3 8 4. "=0N G5;>25:0 2> %@8AB5, :>B>@K9 =0704 B>3 7=05B) 2>AE8I5= 1K; 4> B@5BL53> =510. 7=0N > B0:>< G5;>25:5 (B>;L:> =5 7=0N 2 B5;5, 8;8 2=5 B5;0: >3 7=05B), GB> >= 1K; 2>AE8I5= 2 @09 8 A;KH0; =587@5G5==K5 A;>20, :>B>@KE G5;>25:C =5;L7O ?5@5A:070BL." 0 >A=>20=88 2KH5A:070==>3> 8 4@C38E 0@3C<5=B>2, :>B>@KE O =5 ?@82>6C 745AL, <>6=>, A;54>20B5;L=>, CB25@640BL, GB> 2> 2A5E ?>GB8 A;CG0OE 2 682>< G5;>25:5 8<5NBAO 420 =52848B>@K5 <>3CB 8=>340 1KBL 2848 B5;> MD8@=>5 8 B5;> 0AB@0;L=>5. 848O2;5=8O MB8E B>=G09H8E B5; G5;>25:0, B. 5. B>, GB> <>6=> =0720BL 2845=8O<8, 2A5340 =>A8;8 @07;8G=K9 =08<5=>20=8O: B5=8, <5@B25F0, ?@87@0:0, 42>9=8:0 8;8 0AB@0;0, ?@8G5< ;N48 =5 4C<0;8 > B><, :B> ?@>O2;O;AO MD8@=K9 42>9=8: 8;8 0AB@0;L=>5 B5;>. / ?>ABC?;N B0: 65 2 A;54CNI59 3;025, >1>7=0G0O ?@>O2;ONI55AO 2845=85 =0720=85< ?@87@0:0. > 2B>@>9 G0AB8, >A=>2K20OAL =0 >?KB5, ?@8>1@5B5==>< <=>N 2 B5G5B5 B@C4=KE, => 8=B5@5A=KE 8AA;54>20=89, O ?>?KB0NAL >?@545;8BL, ?@>8AE>48B ;8 2 B>< 8;8 4@C3>< A;CG05 ?@>O2;5=85 ;8HL >4=>3> MD8@=>3> 42>9=8:0, 1@>4OI53> ?>1;87>AB8, 8;8 65 BCB =0;8F> ?@>O2;5=85 4CH8, >1;5G5==>9 2 A2>8 B>=G09H85 B5;0 8 ?>;L7CNI59AO, :0: >@C485< 8 A?>A>1>< 459AB28O, MD8@=K< 42>9=8:>< 8;8 0AB@0;L=K< B5;><. III. @>O2;5=8O ?@87@0:0 I. O7KG5A:>9 4@52=>AB8. II. # A><=0<1C;, III. # C<8@0NI8E. IV. # 020==KE. @87@0: 682KE ?>:07K20;AO 2> 2A5 2@5<5=0 8AB>@88 8 2 @07;8G=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E; MB> =07K20;>AL =5:>340 42CB5;5A=>ABLN. I. -B>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN >A>15==> ?@>A;028;8AL 2 O7KG5A:>9 4@52=>AB8 ?>;;>=89 "80=A:89 8 !8<>=-<03, :>B>@KE 2845;8 >4=>2@5<5==> 2 42CE <5AB0E. A2>59 :=835 " 3@045 >685<", A2OB>9 23CAB8= 3>2>@8B > A;CG05 @0742>5=8O 2 682>B=>9 D>@<5 8 405B >1JOA=5=8O, :>B>@K5 70A;C6820NB 2=8<0=8O. "48= G5;>25:, ?> 8<5=8 @5AB0=F89, 3>2>@8B >=, @0AA:07K20;, GB> 53> >B5F, ?>52H8 C A51O 4><0 >B@02;5==>3> AK@0, ;560; =0 ?>AB5;8 2 3;C1>:>< A=5 8 =8:0:8<8 A?>A>10<8 =5 <>3;8 53> @071C48BL. !?CABO =8A:>;L:> 4=59 >= ?@>A=C;AO 8 @0AA:070;, GB> >= 8A?KB0; 2> A=5. = 1K; ;>H04LN 8 2<5AB5 A 4@C38<8 ;>H04L<8 2>78; A>;40B0< ?@8?0AK, :>B>@K5 =07K20NB @5F89A:8<8, ?>B> 4>AB02;ONB 8E 87 5F88. K;> C4>AB>25@5=>, GB> 45;> 459AB28B5;L=> ?@>8AE>48;> B0:, :0: >= @0AA:07K20;, E>BO >= 4C<0;, GB> MB> 5AL. / =8:>340 =5 ?>25@N, ?@8102;O5B 23CAB8=, GB>1K 45<>=K >1;040;8 8A:CAAB2>< 8;8 2;0ABLN, =5 A:06C, 87<5=OBL ACI=>ABL G5;>25:0, => 4065 4020BL 53> B5;C D>@B=>3>. / A:>@59 ?>25@N, GB> C MB>3> G5;>25:0 B>B M;5<5=B 2>>1@065=8O, :>B>@K9 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?@87@0:8, ?@8=8<0O 15A:>=5G=> @07=>>1@07=K9 284 2=5H=8E 25I59 ?>4 2;8O=85< 2, 8 1C4CG8 15AB5;5A=K<, A C4828B5;L=>9 1KAB@>B>9 >1;5:05BAO 2 >1@07 B5;, O A:>@55 ?>25@N, ?>2B>@ON O, GB> MB>B M;5<5=B, :>340 GC2AB20 CAK?;5=K 8;8 70<:=CBK, <>65B =5>1JOA=81@07>< ?@54AB028BLAO GC2AB20< 4@C3>3> 2 B5;5A=>9 D>@<5. B0:, 2 B> 2@5 B5;> ?>:>8BAO 2 :0:><-=81C4L <5AB5, 682>5, => A GC2AB20<8 2 1>;55 A8;L=>< >F5?5=5=88, G5< 2> A=5, ?@87@0: 53> 2>>1@065=8O, 2>?;>I5==K9, B0: A:070BL, 2 2845 :0:>3>-=81C4L 682>B=>3>, ?>O2;O5BAO GC2AB20< 4@C38E ;N459 8 4065 A0< A51O 2848B, :0: 284OB 2> A=5, =>AOI8< BO65AB8 2 MB>< 2845..." (:=. 18, 3;. 23). 2>B 1>;55 E0@0:B5@8AB8G=K9 D0:B: 5A?0A80=, >B?@0282H8AL 2 38?5B, ?@>1K; =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 2 ;5:A0=4@88 8 B0<, :0: 45;0;8 MB> ?>765 :>@>;8 D@0=FC7A:85, 8A?0=A:85 8 0=3;89A:85, >= 8AF5;8; ?@8:>A=>25=85< >4=>3> A;5?>3> 8 >4=>3> ?0@0;8G=>3>. "-B8 GC45A0, 3>2>@8B "0F8B, CA8;8;8 2 5A?0A80=5 65;0=85 ?>A5B8BL <5AB>?@51K20=85 !5@0?8A0, GB>1K C7=0BL > AC4L15 8;L:> >= 2>H5;, ?>3;>I5==K9 >35, >= C2845; ?>7048 A51O >4=>3> 87 538?5BA:8E =0G0;L=8:>2, 0A8;840, :>B>@K9, :0: 5 8725AB=>, ;560; 1>;L=>9 2 ?>AB5;8, =0 @0AAB>O=88 =5A:>;L:8E 4=59 ?CB8 >B ;5:A0=4@88. ? A?@028;AO C 6@5F>2, =5 1K; ;8 2 E@0<5 2 B>B 45=L 0A8;84; A?@028;AO C ?@>E>68E, =5 2840; ;8 :B> 53> 2 3>@>45; =0:>=5F, ?>A;02H8 2A04=8:>2, >= C1548;AO, GB> 0A8;84 =0E>48;AO 2 B> 2@5AL<845AOB8 <8;OE @0AAB>O=8O. >= C65 =5 A><=520;AO 1>;55 2 B><, GB> 53> <8AA8O =515A=0O, 8 ?@8=O; 8B25B >@0:C;0". -B>B D0:B @0AA:070= >48=0:>2K< >1@07>< !25B>=85< 2 53> "AB>@88 425=04F0B8 F570@59". II. # A><=0<1C;, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 OA=>284OI8E, @0742>5=85 25AL<0 >G5284=>5. >340 8E A?@0H820NB > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 >B40;5==>< <5AB5, >=8 2A5340 CB25@640NB, GB> >=8 >B?@02;ONBAO 2 MB> <5AB>; >=8 >?8AK20NB, GB>, ?> 8E A;>20<, >=8 284OB, 8 MB> >?8A0=85, ?@8 ?@>25@:5, >1K:=>25==> >:07K205BAO 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 B>G=K<. A5 <03=5B875@K 8 4065 ;N18B5;8, 2K7K202H85 A><=0<1C;8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 C =5:>B>@KE AC1J5:B>2, =01;N40;8 MB> 2845=85 =0 @0AAB>O=88. =8 4065 70<5B8;8, GB> 5A;8 ?>A;0BL A><=0<1C;0 2 60@:CN AB@0=C 8 >BBC40 =5<54;5==> 2 E>;>4=CN, B> =0 =5< A59G0A 65 A:07K205BAO 2=570?=0O ?5@5<5=0 B5ICI05B 4@>6L A G8E0=L5< 8 4@C38<8 A8<0<8 ?@>ABC4K, :>B>@0O =5 70<54;8B C:>@5=8BLAO, 5A;8 =5 2K25AB8 AC1J5:B0 87 53> A>AB>O=8O. -B> =54><>30=85 <>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO =5A:>;L:> 4=59. =5 A0<>AL <=>3> @07 =01;N40BL B0:>5 AB@0==>5 O2;5=85 >B@065=8O. @07;8G=KE A>G8=5=8OE > A><=0<1C;87<5 8 A><=0<1C;0E 2AB@5G05HL <=>3>G8A;5==K5 =01;N45=8O, :>B>@K5 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL B>;L:> @0742>5=85< AC1J5:B>2. / =5 AB0=C ?@82>48BL D0:B>2 2 4>:070B5;LAB2> @50;L=>AB8 MB>3> O2;5=8O, >3@0=8GCAL ;8HL >B@K2:>< 87 AB0BL8 "/A=>2845=85", =0?8A0==>9 235=859 0@A80 2 A><=0<1C;8G5A:>< A>AB>O=88 8 =0?5G0B0==>9 2 "Chaine magnetique" 16 0?@5;O 1890 3. ... "-B> A8O=85, :>B>@>5 8AE>48B 87 2A53> =0H53> ACI5AB20 2 2845 ?0@0, A?5@20 A5@>20B>3> 8 ?>AB5?5==> ?5@5E>4OI53> 2 15;K9 BC<0=, :>B>@K9 A3CI05BAO 8, C25;8G820OAL 2 ?@>7@0G=>AB8 8 A8;5, >1@07C5B 1;5ABOI55 =5>AO705<>5 B5;>, MB0 B>G=0O :>?8O B5;0 CA=C2H59, :>B>@0O 2848B, :0: >1@07C5BAO 2>7;5 =5Q MB> B5;>, A;>2><, MB> A25B>=>A=>5 @0742>5=85, :>B>@>5 A>25@H8;>AL ?>A@54AB2>< <03=5B8G5A:>3> D;N840, ?><>30NI53> MD8@C 2K45;8BLAO 87 <0B5@88, 8 MB> 1;5ABOI55 B5;>, :>B>@>5 A2>8< :@0B:>2@5<5==K< 2K45;5=85< 87 ?;>B=>9 <0B5@88, =07K205<>9 B5;>< 8 ?;>BLN, ?>72>;O5B OA=>284OI59 2845BL 25I8, A:@KBK5 >B =0H8E B5;5A=KE 3;07, 5ABL =8 GB> 8=>5, :0: B0: =07K2055 GC2AB2> 8;8 4CH0. 0, MB> 4CH0, :>B>@0O, 2K45;82H0OAO 87 A2>59 ?;>B=>9 >1>;>G:8, =07K205<>9 B5;><, 8 B5<=0O 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O, A=>20 2>A?@8=8<05B 2 A>AB>O=88 A=0 A2>8 ?5@2>1KB=K5 A2>9AB20, B. 5. AB0=>28BAO G8ABK< 4CE><, =525A>AO705<, :>B>@>5 ?@>=8:05B 2AN4C 8, :0: ABL, =5 7=05B @0AAB>O=89 8 2 >4=C BKAOG=CN A5:C=4K ?@>;5B05B @0AAB>O=85 <564C 0@865< 8 5:8=><. >340 MB> 1;5ABOI55 B5;> E>@>H> >1@07>20;>AL, 2>B GB> < =0H8<, 0 =0H8< 42>9=8:><. >-?5@2KE, =0HC 60;:CN >1>;>G:C, =0 :>B>@CN B@8< C2K! A 60;>ABLN, =04> A>7=0BLAO. =0 ?>@O4:>< AB5A=O5B =0A 8, :0: 1;5ABOI0O 101>G:0, 2>;L=K =5 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 A2>N BCA:;CN :C:>;:C. B>@>5, GB> =8<05<, MB> =0H <03=5B875@. > =8<05< 53> AB@0==K< >1@07><. K =5 A;KH8<, :0: >= 3>2>@8B; 72C: =5 4>E>48B 4> =0A, => <>73C, 2 F5=B@5 A>740=8O 8459, 70@>6405BAO, A>78405BAO 8 @0A?CA:05BAO 53> 872>4865 4CH>N 8;8 D;N848G5A:8< B5;><, => 2 A>AB>O=88 A2O78. K 65, =5 ?@51K20NI85 2 A>AB>O=88 A2O78, >ICI05< A =52K@078<>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN MB8 1;5ABOI85 D;N848G5A:85 281@0F88, :>B>@K5 ?5@540NBAO =0<, B5;C =5<0B5@80;L=>< <0B5@80;L=K<, => :>B>@K5 8A?0@O5B 4CE 2 =525A><>< D;N848G5A:>< B>:5, :>B>@K9 A>548=O5B 75<;N A MD8@><, ?5@5405B 75<=K5 281@0F89 5Q 0B<>AD5@=>9 >1>;>G:5 8 0B<>AD5@=K5 281@0F88 75<;5, 0 72C:8 =0H8E A;>2 A;CEC, :>B>@K9 ?5@5405B 8E <>73C, 345 >=8 1K20NB ?>3;>I5=K 8 2>A?@8=OBK 1;5ABOI8< B5;>< 8;8 4CH>N, => A ;53:>ABLN, 2 BKAOGC, 45AOBL BKAOG, AB> BKAOG @07 1>;LH59, ?>B> 4;O 42CE <0B5@80;L=KE B5; 281@0F88 4>;6=K ?@>9B8 25AL C:070==K9 <=>N ?CBL, <564C B5< :0: B5;> =5<0B5@80;L=>5 ?> A2>59 :@09=5 GC2AB28B5;L=>9 ?@8@>45 D;N848G5A:>3> B5;0, 2848B =5?>A@54AB25==>, :0: 2 4@C3>< <0B5@80;87>20==>< B5;5 >1@07CNBAO @074> ;CGH5 <0;59H55 2=5H=55 >ICI5=85. -B8<8 2>B A?>A>10<8 8 A>25@H05BAO "?5@540G0 B>@0O C482;O5B ;N459. =59 =8G53> =5B 1>;55 C4828B5;L=>3>, G5< 2 4@C38E A>AB>O=8OE, B0: :0: MB> O2;5=85 ?@>8AE>48B ?>AB>O==> 8 O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< 01A>;NB=> =5A><=5==>3> D0:B0, A>25@H0NI53>AO A 1>;LH59 8;8 <5=LH59 B>G=>ABLN 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ;53:>AB8 >1@07>20=8O G5;>25: A B>G=K<8, >?@545;5==K<8 1K205B 2>A?@8=OBL. A;8 65, =0>1>@>B, MB> G5;>25: =5@5H8B5;L=K9, A ?5@5<5==K<8 5 ?>=8<0=85 AB0=>28BAO B@C4=K<, B0: :0: 281@0F88 1C4CB A;>6=K5 8 ?CB0=K5. 'B> :0A05BAO 4@C38E ;8F, =0A >:@C60NI8E 8 3>2>@OI8E A =0<8, 65 ?>=8<05< 8E, => A <5=LH59 ;53:>ABLN, G5< =0H53> <03=5B875@0. MB> 8<55B A2>N E>@>HCN AB>@>=C, 8 =04> >AB5@530BLAO, 8<5O 45;> A OA=>284OI8<8, 70=8<0NI8<8AO ;5G5=85< 1>;L=KE, ?@82KG=K<8 2=CH5=8O<8 >1;53G0BL MBC ?5@540GC, B0: :0:, 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 2845BL 2=CB@5==>ABL B5;0, OA=>284OI85 1C4CB G8B0BL 8E ?0F85=B>2, 0 254L 8725AB=>, A:>;L:> 5ABL <=8;L=KE, AB@040NI8E 2>>1@0605;57=O<8, 8 E>@>H89 ?>;CG8BAO @57C;LB0B >B ;5G5=8O B0:8E 1>;57=59! ?5@2K9 @07, :>340 O OA=> A>7=020;0 A2>5 A>AB>O=85 OA=>2845=8O, O 8A?KB0;0 A;54CNI85 >ICI5=8O. / 24@C3 C2840;0 A51O AB>OI59 ?>A@548 :><=0BK, 2 :>B>@>9 <5=O CAK?8;8. "/ :0: 1C4B> A59G0A A845;0 8, 7=0G8B, 2AB0;0, =5 70<5B82 MB>3>", ?>4C<0;>AL <=5. / >3;O45;0 A51O. "!B@0==>! / 1;5ABOI0O, ?@>7@0G=0O, :0: ?5@> ;53:0O". 24@C3 O C2845;0 A2>5 B5;>, =5?>4286=> @0A?@>AB5@B>5 2 :@5A;5. "@>5, G5B25@> ;N459 >:@C60;8 <5=O, 2=8<0B5;L=> 3;O4O =0 <5=O. >G5=8 B0: A<>B@OB =0 <5=O? / ?>4E>6C 8 A<>B@N =0 A51O, :0: >=8. / 2845;0 OA=> 2AN 2=CB@5==>ABL <>53> B5;0, 2845;0 185=85 A5@4F0, >1@0I5=85 :@>28, A?;5B5=8O 25=, G=> O 1K;0 87 AB5:;0. / ?>4>H;0 : A2>5;>68;0 A2>N @C:C =0 53> @C:C 8 A:070;0: "5 ?@0240 ;8, O :0: 1C4B> <5@B20O?" :0:>2> 65 1K;> <>5 C482;5=85! 5AB 8 72C: 8AE>48; >B <>53> <0B5@80;L=>3> B5;0, 0 =5 >B 2B>@>3> <>53> "O". B> 65 A0<>5 2@5@59 ?@>G;0 2 53> <>73C ?>43>B>2;ONI89AO >B25B. "K 4C<05B5, GB> =5B", A 682>ABLN A:070;0 O, ?@5645 G5< >= >B25B8;. "0", >B25B8; >= <=5, 8 MB> "40" O CA;KH0;0 B0:8< 65 >1@07><, :0: 2 ?5@2K9 @07. A B5E ?>@ 2A5340 B0: 65. >MB> 4>B@>=CBLAO 4> A><=0<1C;, GB>1K >=8 <>3;8 20A A;KH0BL 8;8 A:>@59 2845BL 8 ?>3;>B8BL 281@0F88 20H59 @0AA<>B@52 A51O, O AB0;0 @0AA<0B@820BL >:@C602H8E <5=O ;8F. / 2845;0 8E B0: 65, :0: 5A;8 1K =0E>48;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O, B>;L:> >=8 1K;8 ?@>7@0G=K5. / 2845;0 2A5 8E >@30=K, A;>2><, 2845;0 ?@>F5AA 687=8. 0B5< O 273;O=C;0 2>:@C3 A51O, => 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K C2845BL B5<=CN 8 =5?@>7@0G=CN ?>25@E=>ABL AB5= 8 <515;8, O 2845;0 2A5 A25B;K<, :0: AB5:;>. / 2845;0 B0:65 E>@>H> ;N459 8 :20@B8@K <>8E A>A5459, :0: 1C4B> < 4><5. # <5=O O28;0AL 3C;OBLAO. 5 B5@OO 87 2840 <>5 <0B5@80;L=>5 B5;>, O 1K;0 ?5@5=5A5=0 B0: 65 1KAB@>, :0: 4=>3> <5AB0 2 4@C3>5, A >4=>3> :>=F0 0@860 2 4@C3>9. / 2845;0 ;N459, 574C M:8?0659 8 4><0 ?@>7@0G=K5, :0: AB5:;>, 2845;0 B0: 65 E>@>H>, :0: 5A;8 1K =0E>48;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 1>4@AB2>20=8O 8 4><0 1K;8 AB5:;O==K5, 0 =5 :0<5==K5. B>B 45=L =0 MB>< 8 ?>:>=G8;>AL 2A5. / <>3C B>;L:> ?@81028BL, GB> 2> 2@559 ?@>3C;:8 8A?KB0;0 A8;L=>5 2>;=5=85 8 24@C3 >GCB8;0AL ?>A@548 :><=0BK, :>B>@CN ?>:8=C;0. O A 2845;0 A2>5 B5;> <0B5@80;L=>5 8 5, 70B5< 2A5 ?>AB5?5==> A3CAB8;>AL, 8 2A:>@5 O =8G53> 1>;55 =5 2845;0: <5=O @071C48;8. 5=O CAK?;O;8 A>B=8 @07, 8 O 2A5340 2845;0 >4=> 8 B> 65, :@><5 A;CG052, :>340 ;N48, <03=5B878@>202H85 8;8 >:@C602H85 <5=O, 1K;8 =54>25@G82K5 8;8 A;8H:>< <0B5@80;L=K5." / =5 AB0=C @0718@0BL MB>3> >?8A0=8O, :>B>@>5 4>AB0B>G=> A0<> 3>2>@8B 70 A51O, B0: :0: 48< 2 =5<, 2 25AL<0 B>G=>< >?8A0=88, 3;02=K5 G5@BK "@0742>5=8O". III. @>O2;5=8O G5;>25G5A:>3> ?@87@0:0 G@572KG09=> <=>3>G8A;5==K ?@8 =0ABC?;5=88 A<5@B8. 8BL 0AB@0;L=>9 <0B5@88 A>548=O5B D878G5A:>5 B5;> A 4CH>9, :>B>@0O A>7=05B, GB> MB0 A2O7L 3>B>20 @07>@20BLAO =02A5340. ">340 4CH0, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052, 45;05B 1>;LH85 CA8;8O, GB>1K 8725AB8BL > B>< B5E, :>3> >=0 ;N18B, 2 >A>15==>AB8 5A;8 59 =04> ?5@540BL 8< 206=>5 A>>1I5=85. -B>B <><5=B 4>;65= 1KBL BO65;K< 8 A>15==> 5A;8 >=0 =54>AB0B>G=> 5I5 @0728;0AL, GB>1K =5 ?5@5>F5=820BL 75<=K5 1;030. -B8<, :>=5G=>, >1JOA=O5BAO G0AB0O ?5@540G0 A>>1I5=89 2 <><5=B A<5@B8. /2;5=85 @0742>5=8O A>25@H05BAO 745AL, :0: 8 2 >?8A0==KE A;CG0OE. CH0, >1;5G5==0O =0@C6=> A2>8< 0AB@0;L=K< B5;>< 8, 1KBL <>65B, MD8@=K<, CAB@5<;O5BAO A 1KAB@>B>9 <>;=88 : 1;87:8< ;N4O<, GB>1K 8725AB8BL 8E > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 8;8 C65 ?@>87>H;>. MB8 ?>A;54=85 <8=CBK ?@8ACBAB2CNI85 ;N48, 5A;8 >=8 4>AB0B>G=> GC2AB28B5;L=K, CA;KH0B ?@>O2;5=85, C284OB 53> 8;8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 8=BC8B82=> ?>GC2AB2CNB ?@>8AE>4OI55. A;8 ?@87@0: =54>AB0B>G=> <0B5@80;87>20;AO, GB>1K 1KBL 2848A;54=85 <>3CB 1KBL ?@54C?@5645=K >1 MB>< =5640==>< ?>A5I5=88 B0: =07K2052K ?5@5<5I5=85 ?@54<5B>2, =5>1KG=K5 72C:8, >ICI5=8O 7@8B5;L=K5, >AO70B5;L=K5 8;8 A;CE>2K5, A>>1I5=8O <;5=8O, 5A;8 ;N48 A?OB, 8 4@C385 >ICI5=8O, =5 2>A?@8=8<05A@54AB2>< D878G5A:8E GC2AB2, :>B>@K5 B5>A>DK 8 >::C;LB8ABK >B=>AOB : 0AB@0;L=>9 >1;0AB8. 07C<55BAO, =5 2A5 4CH8 >1;040NB 4>AB0B>G=>9 M=5@3859, GB>1K ?>:070BLAO =0 @0AAB>O=88 2 >AO705<>9 D>@<5, 8 5A;8 1K 4065 >=8 <>3;8 8A?>;=8BL MB> 2 =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8, B> 254L 8<55BAO >4=0 ;8HL :0B53>@8O ;N459 <548C284OI85, :>B>@K5 A?>A>1=K =5?>A@54AB25==> 2>A?@8=OBL 8E ?@8ACBAB285. 5A<>B@O =0 MB> 70B@C4=5=85, 7028AOI55 >B A0<>9 ?@8@>4K ;N459, 70<5G0B5;L=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O 2 <><5=B A<5@B8 ?@>8AE>4OB G0I5, G5< 2>>1I5 4C<0NB. K;> >?C1;8:>20=> <=>3> A;CG052, =01;N402H8EAO 2 CA;>28OE, 8A:;NG0NI8E 2AO:CN 2>7<>6=>ABL >H81:8. IV. @87@0: A2845B5;LAB2C5B > A515 ?@8 687=8 D878G5A:>3> G5;>25:0 8 2 B0: =07K205<=KE >ICI5=8OE, :>B>@K5 2A5340 A>?@>2>640NB 02. 5:>B>@K5 =5<5F:85 <03=5B875@K CB25@640NB, GB> >=8 <>3CB 2>7459AB2>20BL =0 020==>3>, <03=5B878@CO ;8HL ?@>4;5=85 G;5=0, :>B>@>3> B>B ;8H8;AO. 0: 1K =8 1K;>, 2A5 020==K5 8A?KBK20NB =5:>B>@K5 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 1>;57=5==K5 >ICI5=8O 2 >B=OB>< C =8E G;5=5, 2 >A>15==>AB8 ?@8 ?5@5<5=5 ?>3>4K. 'B>1K >1JOA=8BL MB>B E>@>H> 8725AB=K9 D0:B, >D8F80;L=0O =0C:0 ?@54;0305B F5;CN A5@8N 2708<=> 8A:;NG0NI8E 38?>B57, B5< 1>;55 B@C4=KE 4;O ?>=8<0=8O, G5< >=8 A;>6=55. =0 2>-?5@2KE =5 4>?CA:05B 2>>1I5, GB>1K 020==K5 GC2AB2>20;8 1>;L 2 >BACBAB2CNI5< G;5=5, >B=>AO MBC 1>;L : >AB02H59AO G0AB8 G;5=0; 70B5<, >=0 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> 25@>OB=> 2 F5=B@5 <>73>2>9 :>@:8, A>>B25BAB2CNI5< >B=OB>6405BAO MB0 D8:F8O. 'C2AB28B5;L=K5 =5@2K, 2KE>4OI85 87 MB>3> F5=B@0 2 >B=OBK9 G;5=, 5AB5AB25==> 0B@>D8@CNBAO, => 2>7<>6=>, GB> >=8 A>E@0=ONB 5I5 4>AB0B>G=> 687=5==>AB8, GB>1K @5038@>20BL ?>4 2;8O=85< =5:>B>@KE ?@8G8=, A?>A>1=KE ?@>872>48BL 8;;N788 >ICI5=8O. <5AB5 A >::C;LB8AB0<8 8 B5>A>D0<8 4>:B>@ 0A:0;L CB25@6405B5 2 "Sept principes de l'homme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oyante de Prevost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agie practique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eratoscopie du fluide vital et de la mensambulance", :>B>@K9 >= 8740; 2 0@865 2 1822 3>4C. "/ 7=0N <>;>4CN 452CH:C, C :>B>@>9 >B@570;8 154@>; =5A:>;L:> @07 1K20;>, GB> >=0 AB>O;0 8 45;0;0 =5A:>;L:> H03>2 >158<8 A2>8<8 =>30<8, B. 5. 74>@>2>9 =>3>9 8 =>3>9 687=5==>3> D;N840, GB> >1K:=>25==> A;CG0;>AL, :>340 >=0 2AB020;0 A ?>AB5;8; 5Q <0BL, A2845B5;L=8F0 MB>3>, =52>;L=> 2A:@8:820;0: "E, 154=O6:0, 254L 45@52O==0O =>30 =5 ?@8 B515!" >:B>@ <>8E 4@C759 C25@O; <5=O, GB> 2845;, :0: >D8F5@, A >B=OBK< 154@><, 4>E>48; 4> A5@548=K A2>59 :><=0BK, =5 70<5G0O >BACBAB28O 45@52O==>9 =>38, 8 >AB0=02;820;AO B>;L:> B>340, :>340 2A?><8=0; > B><; B>340 =>30 687=5==>3> D;N840 1K;0 C65 1>;55 =5 2 A8;0E 2K45@6820BL BO65ABL 53> B5;0. >65B ?>:070BLAO C4828B5;L=K<, GB> =>30 687=5==>3> D;N840, 25I5AB20 =52848<>3>, =5>AO705<>3>, =525A><>3>, <>65B 2K=5AB8 BO65ABL B5;0, => 1>;55 C4828B5;L=> B>, GB> B5;5A=0O =>30, 87 <0B5@89 3@C1>9, <>65B 2K45@6820BL B0:CN BO65ABL. 0 MB> >B25BOB 157 A><=5=8O, GB> B5;5A=0O =>30 6820O, 8 GB> 687=L 405B 59 =C6=CN A8;C, GB>1K ?>445@6820BL 2A5 B5;>. O, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >B25GC, GB> 687=5==K9 D;N84 405B 687=L 8 A8;C B5;5A=>9 =>35, 8 GB> 687=5==K9 D;N84 =5 B5@O5B A2>59 A8;K, :>340 1K205B >B45;5= >B B5;5A=>9 =>38, 2 >A>15==>AB8 5A;8 53> =0?@02;O5B 2>;O 4CH8 8;8 4@C30O :0:0O-;81> A8;0, 70<5=ONI0O 2 =5:>B>@>< @>45 2>;N." 'B> ?@>8AE>48B A 0AB@0;L=K< B5;>< 2 B> 2@5340 D878G5A:>5 B5;>, ?@82545==>5 2 15AGC2AB285 =0 >?5@0F8>==>< AB>;5, =0E>48BAO 2 @0A?>@O65=88 >?5@8@CNI53> E8@C@30? 06=K9 2>?@>A, :>B>@K9 =5;53:> @5H8BL. G5284=>, GB> G5;>25G5A:>5 B5;> @0742>O5BAO ?>4 459AB285< E;>@>D>@<0, => B>;L:> 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE >?5@8@C57=05B MB> @0742>5=85. >B A;CG09, =0?5G0B0==K9 2 "Occult review", :>B>@K9 <>65B ?@>;8BL =5:>B>@K9 A25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A, ?>B> 2 =5< >?8A0=K 8=B5@5A=K5 2?5G0B;5=8O ?>4 =0@:>7>< E;>@>D>@<0. . >65 45-!... @0AA:07K205B, :0: 2> 2@5?5@0F88 ?>4 E;>@>D>@<>< 5AL, GB> >= AB>8B ?5@54 >:=>< 1>;LH>9 70;K. "!>;=F5 A25@:0;>, 3>2>@8B >=, =51> 1K;> 3>;C1>5, 70 >:=>< 45@52LO, F25BK, ?B8FK ?>NI85. 84 :070;AO <=5 7=0:> O =5 <>3 53> ?@87=0BL. / ?>4>H5; : >:=C, ?>4=O2H8AL =0 FK?>G:8. 5B5@>: 1K; B0:>9 ;53:89, A>;=F5 B0:>5 B5?;>5, GB> O 2KAC=C;AO 87 >:=0. >8 =>38 =5 :0A0;8AL 1>;55 ?>;0, <>5 B5;> 1K;> =0 ?>;>28=C 70 >:=><, O E>B5; C45@60BLAO 70 GB>-=81C4L, GB>1K =5 C?0ABL, => O 2845; >48= ;8HL 2>74CE. / =5 C?0;. ! C482;5=85< O C2845;, GB> ?0@N 2 2>74CE5. ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 AB>@>=5 >B >:=0 42830;8AL D83C@K 2>:@C3 G53>-B> =0 AB>;5. / ?>4>H5;. 8:B> =5 70<5G0; <>53> ?@8ACBAB28O. K;> =5A:>;L:> B>@K5 2=8<0B5;L=> A<>B@5;8 =0 AB>;. # >4=>3> 87 B :@>28. = ?>;>68; =>6 =0 AB>;. / ?>=O;, GB> 1K;0 A45;0=0 >?5@0F8O. 0:>2 ?C;LA? A?@>A8; E8@C@3. !8;L=> A;0155B. 04> ?>A?5H8BL. !:>@59 :>40;0 5 >= B@51>20;. C:0 E8@C@30 ?@>H;0 A:2>7L <5=O, GB>1K 27OBL :>2>;L=> MD8@0, 4>:B>@, O 3>B>2. 8=B. !;>20 1K;8 >1@0I5=K : A845;:5, :>B>@0O ?>40;0 A25@=CBK9 18=B A:2>7L <5=O, =5 2K7202 C <5=O =8 <0;59H53> =5?@8OB=>3> >ICI5=8O. $>@<0 ?>4 ?@>ABK=59 =0 AB>;5 :070;0AL <=5 G@572KG09=> 7=0:><>9. 8F>, 70:@KB>5 >BG0AB8 ?>;>B5=F5< 8 8=30;OB>@><, 1K;> B@C4=> @0AA<>B@5BL. # <5=O 1K;> B0:>5 2?5G0B;5=85, B>G=> O A0< ?5@5=5A B0:CN 65 >?5@0F8N. / E>B5; ?>4>9B8 : >:=C, => =5 <>3. !:>@59, A:070; E8@C@3, @07@K20O 18=B 8 702O7K20O C75;. ><>I=8: A=O; ?>;>B5=F5 8 8=30;OB>@. / 1K; 2K=C645= 273;O=CBL =0 >B:@KB>5 ;8F>. / :0: 1C4B> C7=0; 53>, => =5 <>3 2A?><=8BL, 345 O 2845; 53>. >:0 O @0AA<0B@820; G5@BK, <=5 ?@8H;> =0 B5;> MB> ?@8=04;568B <=5, GB> O 2;045;5F 53>. -B0 @> ?5@5H;0 2 B25@4CN C25@5==>ABL. "5;> ?@8E>48;> 2 A>7=0=85, @5A=8FK 274@03820;8, 8 2K@065=85 1>;8 ?>O28;>AL 2 ;8F5. 5=O >E20B8;> =5?@5>4>;8<>5 65;0=85 702;045BL MB8< B5;><. ">340 A;CG8;0AL AB@0==0O 25IL. ">G=> MB> B5;> 1K;> :@5?:> A2O70=> A> <=>9, B>G=> >=> 1K;> G0ABLN <5=O A0<>3>. / 24@C3 ;8H8;AO GC2AB2, O ?5@5AB0; ACI5AB2>20BL, D83C@K 8 70;0 AB0;8 A 87 <>8E 3;07. >340 O ?@>1C48;AO, O ;560; =0 ?>AB5;8 8 8A?KBK20; ;8 >B ?@>872545==>9 >?5@0F88." '!", +"/ 2545=85 2 >?KBK 50;L=>ABL ?@87@0:0 682KE M=5@38G=> CB25@6405BAO >4=8<8 8 =5 <5=55 M=5@38G=> >B@8F05BAO 4@C38<8. !B@>3> 3>2>@O, 2>?@>A 5I5 =5 @5H5=; 8<5==> A F5;LN @5H5=8O 53> O 8 ?@8ABC?8; : =0AB>OI8< 8AA;54>20=8O<. >?@>A MB>B 1K; C65 ?@54CA<>B@5= ?>;:>2=8:>< 45- >H0 8 <=>N, ;5B ?OB=04F0BL B>@870F88 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. 725AB=>, GB> 2 3;C1>:>9 AB0488 <03=5B8G5A:>3> A=0 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL AC1J5:B0 87;CG05BAO 2>:@C3 =53>, >1@07CO @02=>>BAB>OI85 ?>OAK-A;>8, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?;>B=K5, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 GC2AB28B5;L=K5, :0: ?>:07K205B =0H @8AC=>:, 8A?>;=5==K9 >4=8< AC1J5:B>< 3. 45- >H0; 0 70B5< ?@>8AE>48B A3CI5=85 D;N840, A?5@20 A >158E AB>@>= AC1J5:B0 2 D>@<5, 8<5NI59 8=>340 AE>4AB2> A A>>B25BAB2CNI59 AB>@>=>9 53>; >15 MB8 D>@548=ONBAO =0;52> >B AC1J5:B0, >1@07CO 53> 42>9=8:, 53> ?@87@0:. 8A. 7. =0G0;5 @0742>5=8O. 'C2AB28B5;L=>ABL 87;CG05BAO 87 AC1J5:B0, @0A?>;030OAL 2>:@C3 =53> A;>O<8. >;:>2=8: 45- >H0 :>=AB0B8@>20; 4065, GB> ?@87@0: ?@8=8<05B >1J5:B82=CN D>@= ?@>1>20; D>B>3@0D8@>20BL 55. = 2>48; A2>53> AC1J5:B0, 3-6C 0<15@, : 040@C. ">B A=O; D>B>3@0D8N 8 ?>;CG8; 87>1@065=85 ?>;C?@87@0:0, 0 =5 F5;>3> ?@87@0:0. ">340 AC1J5:B >1JO28;, GB> ?@87@0: >1@07>20;AO =0 @0AAB>O=88 <5B@0 >B =5Q A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K, O ?@>BO=C; A2>N @C:C 2 C:070==>5 <5AB>, 345 >=0 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 ?@8:>A=>25=85 <>59 @C:8, GB> C:07K20;> =0 B>, GB> O 4>B@>=C;AO 4> ?@87@0:0; <>N @C:C >A25B8;8, 8 =0?@028;8 0??0@0B =0 =55. 1J5:B82 70:@K;8. 09 2;>68;8 2 0??0@0B, ?@>8725;8 A=>20 B5<=>BC 8 A=>20 >B:@K;8 >1J5:B82 4;O ?>78@>20=8O, :>B>@>5 ?@>4>;60;>AL >:>;> G5B25@B8 G0A0. 5;8:> 1K;> =0H5 C482;5=85, :>340, ?@8 ?@>O2;5=88 ?;0AB8=:8, , 87>1@060NI55 G5;>25G5A:89 ?@>D8;L, A>25@H5==> B0:>9, :0: C:070; AC1J5:B. #482;5=85 CA8;8;>AL, :>340 >1@078;8, GB> 5A;8 AC1J5:B 2845; A2>53> 42>9=8:0 2 ?@>D8;L, B> : =0E>4OI5B82 =53> >1J5:B82C >= 1K; ?>25@=CB D0A><. K ?@54?>;>68;8 A?5@20, GB> B0: :0: 42>9=8: ?>2B>@O; 42865=8O <0B5@80;L=>3> B5;0, ?>4>1=> B5=8 53>, B> ?;0AB8=:0 1K;0 70?5G0B;5=0 2 BC <8=CBC, :>340 3-60 . >15@=C;0AL 273;O=CBL, GB> 45;0; 5Q 42>9=8:. > B>340 ?@>D8;L 1K; 1K >1@0I5= 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C, 8 1K;0 1K 284=0 ;520O, 0 =5 ?@020O AB>@>=0 ;8F0. B>4=> ?>4 =>74@59, 4@C3>5 ?>4 ?@02K< 3;07><. >340 A@54AB2>< <8:@>A:>?0, GB> 2 ?@>8AE>645=88 MB8E ?OB5= 1K;8 =5?>28==K AB5:;O==0O ?;0AB8=:0 8 A;>8 1@><8AB>3> A5@51@0, O ?@54?>;>68;, GB> MB> >B?5G0B>: 42CE 38?=>35==KE B>G5:, G5@57 :>B>@K5 D;N84 AC1J5:B>2 2K45;O5BAO 1KAB@55, G5< 87 4@C38E G0AB59 B5;0. @>872545==K9 A :@09=59 ?@54>AB>@>6=>ABLN >?KB ?>:070; <=5, GB> C AC1J5:B0 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;8 =0 ?@02>9 AB>@>=5 ;8F0 ?>4 3;07>< 8 =>74@59 425 38?=>35==K5 B>G:8.* K;>, A;54>20B5;L=>, CAB0=>2;5=>, GB> =0 ?;0AB8=:5 1K;0 ?@>O2;5=0 ?@020O AB>@>=0 ?@87@0:0: => :0:8< >1@07>< MB> ?@>87>H;>? B>;L:> =5A:>;L:> =545;L A?CABO, O C7=0;, GB> 3>;C1>9 ?@87@0:, ?>O282H89AO A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K AC1J5:B0, 1K; ;8HL 2>A?@>872545=85< >4=>9 B>;L:> ?@02>9 ?>;>28=K AC1J5:B0." >;:>2=8:C 45- >H0 ?@8=04;568B 25;8:0O 70A;C30, GB> >= ?5@2K9 CAB0=>28;, =0A:>;L:> 2>7<>6=> =0CG=>, GB> GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL =5:>B>@KE ;N459 A5=A8B82>2 <>65B M:AB5@8>@87>20BLAO ?>4 ?@>4>;68B5;L=K< 459AB285< <03=5B87<0, 0 70B5<, A3CI0OAL, MB0 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL >1@07C5B 87>1@065=85 8;8, 25@=55, D;N848G5A:>5 B5;> AC1J5:B0, :>B>@>5 2848<> 4;O =5:>B>@KE ;N459, 2 A?5F80;L=KE CA;>28OE. = CAB0=>28;, :0: A45;0; MB> 8 O, GB> MB> B0:8< >1@07>< >1@07>20==>5 B5;>, MB>B ?@87@0:, <>65B C40;OBLAO >B AC1J5:B0, => 10 B>340 5I5 =5 8AA;54>20;8 A2>9AB20, A?>A>1=>AB8, 2>7<>6=>AB8, :>B>@K<8 >= >1;0405B. -B>B 2>?@>A A>AB02;O5B ?@54<5B <>53> =0AB>OI53> B@C40. "5?5@L, 15@O 2>?@>A, :0:8< >= 1K; ?OB=04F0BL ;5B =0704, O 1C4C ;8HL ?>1>G=> :0A0BLAO M:AB5@8>@870F88, >BAK;0O G8B0B5;O, 8=B5@5ACNI53>AO MB8< 2>?@>A><, : 70<5G0B5;L=>;:>2=8:0 45- >H0: "-:AB5@8>@870F8O GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8".** __________ * 8?=>35==K<8 B>G:0<8 =07K20NBAO B>G:8 =0 B5;5 AC1J5:B>2, ?@>ABK< 402;5=85< =0 :>B>@K5 8E <>6=> ?@825AB8 2 38?=>B8G5A:89 A>=. ** @CAA:>< 8740=88 3;02=>9 G0AB8 MB>3> B@C40 ?>;:. 45- >H0 >= >703;02;5=: "!25B>2K5 87;CG5=8O G5;>25:0 8 ?5@5<5I5=85 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 2=0@C6C", 874. :=83>874. ">2K9 '5;>25:". / 4>;65= A:070BL, GB> A;>20 "M:AB5@8>@870F8O" 8 "@0742>5=85" ?@8=8<0NB 2>>1I5 70 A8=>=8 O 2K=C645= 40BL 8< 1>;55 B>G=>5 >?@545;5=85. / =07K20N M:AB5@8>@870F859 A>AB>O=85 AC1J5:B0, GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL :>B>@>3> 87;CG05BAO 2>:@C3 =53>, 0 @0742>5=85< A>AB>O=85, 2> 2@5B>@>3> GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL MB0 70:;NG5=0 2 ?@87@0:5, C65 ?@8=O2H5< D>@48G5A:8 87;>6C A2>8 8AA;54>20=8O 2 MB>9 A>25@H5==> =>2>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=89 > G5;>25:5 8 ?@>AB> >?8HC D0:BK 2 B>< 2845, :0: O =01;N40; 8E; <>O 8A:@5==>ABL 1C45B >G5284=0 4;O 2A5E, => >B@8F0B5;8 :>=5G=> =5 ?@5<8=CBL CB25@640BL, GB> O A0< >1<0=C;AO 8;8 1K; >1<0=CB. > 4;O <5=O MB> 157@07;8G=>. -B8 >?KBK B@C4=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@0, => B0:65 8 4;O AC1J5:B0, :>B>@K9 45;05B H038 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< 8 >B25BAB25==>ABLN ?5@2>3>. > 2@5?KB>2 MB8E 687=5==>ABL B5< 1>;55 8AG5705B C AC1J5:B0, G5< 1>;LH0O 1C45B C ?@87@0:0 A3CI5==>ABL 8 G5< 206=55 ?@>872>48;LH>< A3CI5=88 ?@87@0:0 25@H5==> ?@>?0405B, 27>@ ?>BCE05B, ?C;LA 8 4KE0=85 AB0=>2OBAO =570<5B=K, =0@C6=0O B5 ?0405B 8 AC1J5:B 2?0405B 2 3;C1>:>N ;5B0@38N, 87 :>B>@>9 1K205B G0AB> B@C4=> 53> @071C48BL. >340 CB><;5==K9 AC1J5:B >A;01 >B G@57<5@=>9 @01>BK, B@51C5<>9 >B ?@87@0:0, :>340 >= 272>;=>20=, AA>15==>AB8 ?>O2;5=85< =57=0:><>3> 4;O =53> ;8F0, =5 A83> 4;O =53>, >= <>65B 2?0ABL 2 25AL<0 >?0A=K9 >1<>@>:, :>B>@K9 B@51C5B A?>:>9=>3>, => M=5@38G=>3> <03=5B878@>20=8O 2 B5G5=85 ?>;CG0A0 8 4065 B@5E G5B25@B59 G0A0, GB>1K 2K25AB8 AC1J5:B0 87 G@572KG09=> BO65;>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2 :>B>@>< >= =0E>48BAO. @82545==K9 2 GC2AB2> 8 @071C65==K9, >= >ICI05B A8;L=59H55 87=5<>65=85, :>B>@>5 <>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO =5A:>;L:> 4=59, 5A;8 =5 ?>701>B8;8AL 2 E>45 >?KB0 A;53:0 CAK?8BL 53>, GB>1K ?>B>< @071C48BL; 8 MB> ?@8E>48BAO 45;0BL 4> ?OB8-H5AB8 @07 2 B5G5=85 A50=A0, ?@>4>;60NI53>AO >B G0AC 4> 42CE G0A>2. 0: 2848B5, =0 4>;N AC1J5:B0 2K?040NB 1>;LH85 8 =5157>?0A=K5 B@C4=>AB8. > :>340 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ 4>AB83 4>AB0B>G=>9 >?KB=>AB8, GB>1K >:@C68BL AC1J5:B>2 =C6=K<8 701>B0<8 8 ?@8=OBL =5>1E>48AB>@>6=>AB8 4;O CAB@0=5=8O >?0A=>AB59, >= 70<5G05B A 25;8G09H8< C4>2;5B2>@5=85<, GB> AC1J5:BK 2AQ 1>;55 8 1>;55 708=B5@5A>2K20NBAO 8AA;54>20=8O<8, :>B>@K5 A>25@H5==> ?>:>@ONB 8E, 8E CA>1=>AB8 @0AF25B0NB, OA=>2845=85 C OA=>284OI8E AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 OA=K< 8 B>G=K<, 0 D878G5A:>5 74>@>2L5, 5A;8 >=> =5 2?>;=5 E>@>H55, 1KAB@> C;CGH05BAO. A5 E>@>H> @C:>2>484CH=> ?@87=0NB MBC ?>;L7C; 8 ?>B>=8 1>;LH59 G0ABLN 65;0NB C25;8G8BL G8A;> >?KB>2. '0AB> 8 25AL<0 4065 G0AB> A50=A :065BAO G@572KG09=> CB><8B5;L=K< 4;O AC1J5:B0. @8 A2>5< ?@>1C645=88 AC1J5:B 1K205B A;01, 4065 2 87=5<>65=88; >= G0AB> ?@O<> 4@>68B >B E>;>40, 8 G5;NAB8 C =53> AC4>@>6=> I5;:0NB; >= 2A5340 60;C5BAO, GB> B5<=0B5, 345 ?@>872>4OB >?KBK, A;8H:>< =87:0O. A;8 2 :0<8=5 >3>=L 0 >= 4>;65= 1KBL 2A5340, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 A 1 A5=BO1@O 4> :>=F0 <0O >= ?>4E>48B : :0<8=C A 25;8G09H8< C4>2>;LAB285<. = 3@55BAO <8=CB 2>A5 ?>4:@5?8BL A8;K C68=><, :>B>@>= 45;05B 4>;6=CN G5ABL. 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 A8;K 4>2>;L=> A:>@> 2>72@0I0NBAO, => 8=>340 ?@>E>48B G0A 8 4065 ?>;B>@0 G0A0 ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O, ?@5645 G5< >=8 25@=CBAO 8 AC1J5:B 1C45B A51O GC2AB2>20BL A>2A5< E>@>H>. -B>B A@>: 7=0G8B5;L=> A>:@0I05BAO, 5A;8, :0: O C65 3>2>@8;, CAK?8BL AC1J5:B0 8 G5@57 =8A:>;L:> <8=CB @071C48BL, =8G53> =5 B@51CO >B =53>. / 2A5340 B0: ?>ABC?0N A> 2A5<8 AC1J5:B0<8 ?>A;5 :064>3> A50=A0, :>340 >=8 A>3@5NBAO, 8 O A C4>2>;LAB285< 70<5G0N, GB> >=8 GC2AB2CNB A51O B>340 ;CGH5 ?@56=53>, 8 A8;K C =8E ?@8102;ONBAO, 0 =5 C<5=LH0NBAO. > 2@5;LH59 G0AB8 @0742>5=8O GB8 =8GB>6=0O; ?>A;5 ?5@2>3> ?@>1C645=8O >=0 2A5340 1K205B =865 =>@<0;L=>9 8 2>>1I5 >=0 70<5B=> C25;8G8205BAO G5@57 15 20 <8=CB ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O. -B> O :>=AB0B8@>20; A ?><>ILN 48=0<><5B@0 1@8 =0 =5:>B>@KE AC1J5:B0E. / 87<5@ON 2KBO3820=85 ?@02>9 @C:8 ?5@54 A50=A><, :>340 ;6=0 1KBL =>@<0;L=0O; 87<5@ON 53> ?>A;5 ?5@2>3> ?@>1C645=8O 8 2 B@5B89 @07 ?>A;5 2B>@>3>. >B F8D@K, A>1@0==K5 ?>A;5 F5;>3> @O40 =01;N45=89. ;O A>:@0I5=8O, ?@82>6C ?>;CG5==K5 <=>N F8D@K ?5@54 A50=A>< 8 ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O. -60 ..., AC1J5:B, :>B>@>3> O =01;N40; 8=>340, =5 8<5O 2>7<>6=>AB8 8AA;54>20BL 5Q ?@87@0:. 5@54 A50=A>< 90; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 100. -60 $@0=AC0. 5@54 A50=A>< 85; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 86. 85 98 80 80 80 74 >A;54=55 87<5@5=85 1K;> A45;0=> ?>A;5 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>3> >1<>@>:0, G@572KG09=> 87=C@82H53> AC1J5:B0. 5>=B8=0. 5@54 A50=A>< 80; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 115. 95 100 106 115 90 107 105 115 110 115 95 101 -60 8:A. 5@54 A50=A>< 45; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 46. -60 0<15@. 5@54 A50=A>< 75; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 80. 71 75 59 74 528F0 0=. 5@54 A50=A>< 64; ?>A;5 2B>@>3> ?@>1C645=8O 65. 65 67 I. !C1J5:BK >?KB>2 I. 0@B0. II. 5=5BB0. III. -4<5. IV. 5>=B8=0. V. -60 $@0=AC0. VI. -60 8:A. VII. -60 0<15@. VIII. 528F0 "5@570. IX. 528F0 0=. @5645 2A53> AG8B0N =5 ;8H=8< ?@54AB028BL G8B0B5;N 3;02=KE AC1J5:B>2, :>B>@K5, ?@54>AB0282 2 <>5 @0A?>@O65=85 A2>N F5==CN A?>A>1=>ABL @0742>5=8O, ?><>30;8 <=5 2 <>8E 8AA;54>20=8OE. / A45;0N MB> 2:@0BF5, ?@845@6820OAL E@>=>;>38G5A:>3> ?>@O4:0 8E A>B@C4=8G5AB20. I. 0@B0, 20 ;5B, ?@54AB02;5==0O 3. =4@5 2 A5=BO1@5 1907 3. %>@>H89 AC1J5:B. G5=L 1>;57=5==0O C65 =5A:>;L:> ;5B. :>=F5 1906 3. 55 AG8B0;8 G0E>B>G=>9 8 ;5G8;8 157 70<5B=>3> @57C;LB0B0. =0G0;5 1907 3. >=0 1K;0 8AEC402H59, 157 A8; 8 ?>AB>O==> :0H;O;0. . =4@5 <03=5B878@>20; 55 A B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 F5;LN. =0 1KAB@> ?>?@028;0AL 8 G5@57 ?>;3>40 1K;0 A>25@H5==> 74>@>20, ?@8>1@5;0 12 :8;>. =0 =5 87>;8@C5BAO 2 A><=0<1C;87<5; 25:8 C =59 70:@KBK 8;8 ?>;C70:@KBK. @>E>48B G5@57 D07K 38?=>70, @57:> >B45;5==K5 >4=0 >B 4@C3>9 4>;38< 274>E><. 5AGC2AB285 ?>;=>5 2> 2B>@>9 D075; G0AB> ?@>O2;O5B OA=>2845=85 A B@5BL59 D07K 4> H5AB>9. =0 8=>340 <>65B B>340 G8B0BL :@C?=CN ?5G0BL, :>B>@CN ?@54AB02;ONB 59 ?>7048 3>;>2K. -:AB5@8>@870F8O =0G8=05BAO A A54L<>9 8;8 2>AL<>9 D07K 8 4>AB8305B =082KAH59 AB5?5=8 (>:>;> 1 <. 50 A<. 2>:@C3 =5Q) >:>;> 12-9. !C1J5:B 2848B A51O B>340 >:@C65==K< B5<=>20B>9 B5=LN, :>B>@0O ?>AB5?5==> A25B;55B 8 AB0=>28BAO 1;5ABOI55. @8 ?@>4>;65=88 <03=5B878@>20=8O M:AB5@8>@87>20==0O GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL ?@81;8605BAO : AC1J5:BC 8 A3CI05BAO ?> AB>@>=0< 53> =0 @0AAB>O=88 60 70 A0=B8<5B@>2, 2 D>@<5 42CE :>;>== A25B>2>3> BC<0=0, 1>;55 1;5ABOI8E 2 25@E=59 G0AB8, G5< 2 =86=59. 8725AB=K9 <><5=B ?@020O :>;>==0 ?@>E>48B 70 A?8=>N AC1J5:B0 8 A;8205BAO A ;52>9. @8 40;L=59H5< <03=5B878@>20=88 MB0 <0AA0 A3CI05BAO 8 ?@8=8<05B D>@25:0, 2 :>B>@>< AC1J5:B =5<54;5==> C7=05B A51O 8 3>2>@8B, GB> MB> 53> 42>9=8:. !C1J5:B =5 <>65B C65 1>;55 G8B0BL ?5G0B=K9 ;8AB ?>7048 A2>59 3>;>2K, => 8AG57=C2H55 OA=>2845=85 53> ?5@5E>48B 2 42>9=8:. 'B5=85 2>7<>6=>, 5A;8 45@60BL ?5G0B=K9 ;8AB ?>7048 3>;>2K 42>9=8:0. 0@B0 =8:>340 =5 ?>A5I0;0 A?8@8B8G5A:8E A>1@0=89; >=0 =5 <548C< 8 =5 8<55B ?>=OB8O > A?8@8B87<5. 5 <03=5B878@>20; B>;L:> 3. =4@5. II. 5=5BB0, 16 ;5B, ?@54AB02;5==0O 3. =4@5 2 A5=BO1@5 1907 3. %>@>H89 AC1J5:B, ;53:> 70AK?05B 157 70<5B=KE D07. 5cGC2AB285 ?>;=>5 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB <03=5B878@>20=8O. =0 =5 87>;8@C5BAO; 25:8 70:@KBK 8;8 ?>;C70:@KBK; G0AB> OA=>284OI0O. G5=L 74>@>20O. '5@57 H5ABL-2>A520=8O =0G8=05BAO M:AB5@8>@870F8O, =0?>;=OO A:>@> A>1>N @0AAB>O=85 >B 1 <. 60 A<. 4> 1 <. 80 A<. :@C3>< AC1J5:B0. !C1J5:B 2848B A51O B>340 >:@C65==K< A5@>20B>9 B5=LN, :>B>@0O A:>@> A3CI05BAO ?> >15 AB>@>=K 53> 2 D>@<5 42CE :>;>==, 1>;55 1;5ABOI8E =025@EC, G5< 2=87C. 0: C 0@BK, ?@020O :>;>==0 ?@>E>48B ?>7048 AC1J5:B0 8 A>548=O5BAO A ;52>9. '5;>25G5A:0O D>@<0 2K@8A>2K205BAO 2 MB>9 <0AA5, :>B>@0O ?@>4>;605B A3CI0BLAO; 2A:>@5 45;05BAO 284=0 65=I8=0, 2 :>B>@>9 AC1J5:B C7=05B A2>N B5=L, A2>9 ?@87@0:. %>@>H> >1@07>202H8AL, ?@87@0: AB0=>28BAO A;520 8 =5<=>3> 2?5@548 AC1J5:B0. 5=5BB0 =5 <548C<; =8:>340 =5 1K20;0 =0 A?8@8B8G5A:8E A50=A0E, 1K;0 <03=5B878@>20=0 B>;L:> 3. =4@5, 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 F5;LN. III. -4<5, 18 ;5B, ?@54AB02;5==0O 3-659 !B0;L 2 >:BO1@5 1907 3. >;>40O 452CH:0, :>B>@0O 7=0;0 4> A8E ?>@ >4=8 ;8HL =5?@8OB=>AB8 687=8. 0;> >1@07>20==0O, => >G5=L C<=0O, >=0 =082=0O, ;N1OI0O 8 ?@540==0O 4CH0. 5;0;0 1K ?@8=>A8BL ?>;L7C ;N4O< 8 ?>B>@OG55 65;0=85 @0728BL 8 C:@5?8BL 2 A515 OA=>2845=85, :>B>@K< >1;0405B 2 =5:>B>@>9 AB5?5=8. =0 ?@8@>4=0O A><=0<1C;0, B. 5. <>65B 70AK?0BL A0<0 8;8 ?> :@09=59 <5@5 2?040BL 2 A>AB>O=85, ?>4>1=>5 A><=0<1C;87< A>AB>O=88 >=0 40;0 4>:070B5;LAB20 OA=>2845=8O. ! F5;LN @0728BL MBC A?>A>1=>ABL >=0 1K;0 <03=5B878@>20=0 <=>38<8, => =5 <5B>48G5A:8. @8 CAB0=>2;5=88 >1I5=8O >=0 ;53:> 70AK?05B ?>4 459AB285< =5A:>;L:8E ?0AA>2. 5AGC2AB285 ?>;=>5, 25:8 70:@KBK, 8 3;07=>5 O1;>:> =0?@02;5=> 225@E. 5 A>2A5< 87>;8@>20=0 8 =5 ?@54AB02;O5B 70<5B=KE D07. -:AB5@8>@870F8O =0G8=05BAO 2A:>@5 8 @0AE>48BAO =0 25AL<0 1>;LH>5 @0AAB>O=85, =5 <5=55 2 <. 50 A<. =0 2848B A51O B>340 >:@C65==>9 >G5=L 15;K< A25B><, :>B>@K9 8AE>48B 87 =5Q, >A>15==> 87 ;10, 3>@;0, >1;0AB59 65;C4:0 8 A5@4F0. -B> 2K45;5=85, =8:>340 =5 2840==>5 5N, ?@>872>48B A8;L=>5 2?5G0B;5=85 =0 =55 8 >G5=L C482;O5B. > 2@52 >=0 15A?>:>8;0AL, 65AB8:C;8@>20;0, 2>;=>20;0AL 8 15A?@5AB0==> A?@0H820;0: "GB> MB> B0:>5?" 0 =55 =5?@8OB=> 459AB2CNB 42865=8O ;N459, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 ?>;5 5Q M:AB5@8>@870F88. 8725AB=K9 <><5=B <03=5B878@>20=8O ?@>8AE>48B 1KAB@>5 A3CI5=85 MB>3> M:AB5@8>@87>20==>3> A25B0, 8 A>25@H05BAO @0742>5=85 =5 2 >1KG=>< ?@>F5AA5. !C1J5:B 2848B A 25;8G09H8< C482;5=85< >G5=L 1;5ABOICN <0AAC ?5@54 A>1>9, =5<=>3> =0;52>, =0 @0AAB>O=88 <5B@0 ?@81;878B5;L=>. 0AA0 MB0, 2KH8=>N 2 420 <5B@0 ?@8 480<5B@5 >:>;> 80 A0=B8<5B@>2, =0E>48BAO 2 =5?@5@K2=>< 42865=88; >=0 A>AB>8B 87 1;5ABOI8E, =5?@5@K2=> 42830NI8EAO G0AB8F. 0AA0 A3CI05BAO 8 ?@8=8<05B D>@B>@>9 AC1J5:B C7=05B A51O. "> MB> -4<0!" A C482;5=85< 2>A:;8F05B >=. 0 2B>@>< A50=A5, ?@5645 G5< >=0 C7=0;0 A51O 2 =0E>4OI57;5 =5Q ?@87@0:5, ?@>87>H;0 :><8G5A:0O AF5=0. / A?@0H820N 55, =0 :>3> ?>E>60 MB0 D>@<0. "5 7=0N, =082=> >B25G05B >=0. !<5H=0O... AO 428305BAO... / 286C A25B A:2>7L =55... =0 1>;LH0O..." 8 >=0 ?@8102;O5B @0AB5@O==>: "C =5Q ;0?K, >=0 845B.". "0 GB> ?>E>68 MB8 ;0?K, =0 <>8?" A?@0H820N O. "0, =0 20H8, => >=8 :@0A82K5". / ?>4=8<0N ?@02CN @C:C AC1J5:B0. ", =025@EC B0:65 ;0?K, >4=0 ?>4=OB0", 8 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 C482;5==0O: "=> MB> @C:0, <>O, ?@020O <>O @C:0!" / >?CA:0N ?@02CN @C:C 8 ?>4=8<0N ;52CN. "E, 5I5 A<5H=55, B5?5@L >=0 ?>4=8<05B ;52CN @C:C!" / ?@83810N 3>;>2C AC1J5:B0: "I5 A<5H=55; 428305B 3>;>2>9, 8 2A5 MB> 2KE>48B 87 <5=O... 54L MB> O B0<". 0G8=0O A B@5BL53> A50=A0 @0742>5=85 ?@>8AE>48;> >1KG=K< >1@07><: A3CI5=85 A>25@H0;>AL ?> AB>@>=0< AC1J5:B0 2 2845 42CE >G5=L 1;5ABOI8E :>;>==, 70B5< ?@020O :>;>==0 ?@>H;0 ?5@54 AC1J5:B><, <564C =8< 8 <=>9, 8 A>548=8;0AL A ;52>9. @87@0: ?@8=8<05B 2A:>@5 ?>4>185 AC1J5:B0 8 AB0=>28BAO A;520 8 2?5@548 AC1J5:B0, =0 @0AAB>O=88 >:>;> 80 A0=B8<5B@>2. =0G0;5 <>8E >?KB>2 A -4<5 >=0 =5 70=8<0;0AL A?8@8B87<><. >B>< >=0 708=B5@5A>20;0AL 8< 8 AB0;0 <548C<><. -B0 =>20O A?>A>1=>ABL :0: 1C4B> >A;018;0 5Q A?>A>1=>ABL @0742>5=8O; 2 A>AB>O=88 @0742>5=8O >=0 CB@0B8;0 682>ABL, 8 =082=>ABL ?5@2KE A50=A>2 A>2A5< 8AG57;0. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, >=0 ?@54AB02;O5B 5I5 >B;8G=K9 AC1J5:B 4;O >?KB>2. IV. 5>=B8=0, ?>@B=8E0, 27 ;5B, ?@54AB02;5==0O 3. N1C0 2 >:BO1@5 1907 3. !C1J5:B OA=>284OI89, G@572KG09=> GC2AB28B5;L=K9, >1;040NI89 4>2>;L=> E>@>H8< 74>@>2L5<. K;0 C65 CAK?;O5<0 3. N1C0, :>B>@K9 :>=AB0B8@>20; M:AB5@8>@870F8N. = =01;N40;, GB> 87;CG5=85 ?@>AB8@05BAO ?@81;878B5;L=> =0 420 <5B@0, 8 GB> >=> C4;8=O5BAO 2 AB>@>=C <03=5B875@0, :>340 B>B 459AB2C5B =0 =53> ?@8BO65=85<, = 4065 A45;0; 70<5G0=85, =8345 =5 2AB@5G05<>5: M:AB5@8>@870F8O 4>AB8305B 8725AB=>3> 480<5B@0 8 5A;8 I8?0BL, :>;>BL 8;8 ?@>AB> :0A0BLAO 5Q 3@0=8F, >=0 >BABC?05B, 8 5A;8 A=>20 I8?0BL 8;8 :>;>BL 2 B> 65 <5AB>, AC1J5:B =8G53> =5 GC2AB2C5B 1>;55. 'B>1K 70AB028BL A=>20 A51O ?>GC2AB2>20BL, =04> ?@81;878BLAO : AC1J5:BC =0 10 15 8 4065 20 A0=B8<5B@>2. > A>25@H5=88 A=>20 =5A:>;L:8E ?0AA>2 M:AB5@8>@870F8O 2>72@0I05BAO 2 A2>8 ?@56=85 3@0=8FK. . N1C0 =8:>340 =5 =01;N40; @0742>5=8O, > :>B>@>< >= 2?@>G5< =5 8<5; =8:0:>3> ?>=OB8O. / CAK?;ON AC1J5:B0 A 25AL<0 1>;LH>9 ;53:>ABLN. 5:8 70:@KBK, 3;07=>5 O1;>:> >1@0I5=> 225@E 8 M:AB5@8>@870F8O ?@>8AE>48B 1KAB@> A?@020 8 A;520, 2?5@548 AC1J5:B0, 0 =5 A7048. @8 ?@>4>;65=88 <03=5B878@>20=8O ?>A;54=89, =8:>340 =5 A;KE02H89 >1 >?KB=>< @0742>5=88, 2848B, :0: >1@07C5BAO A3CI5=85 ?> >15 AB>@>=K 53>, 2 2845 42CE A5@>20BKE, =5<=>3> 1;5ABOI8E :>;>==. @020O :>;>==0 ?@>E>48B 2?5@548 AC1J5:B0 8 A>548=O5BAO A ;52>9; => 4;O MB>3> B@51C5BAO, GB>1K <03=5B875@ >B>H5;, 5A;8 >= AB>8B 2>7;5 AC1J5:B0, GB>1K 40BL ?@>E>4 :>;>==5, :>B>@0O 8=0G5 =5 <>65B ?@>9B8. >340 >=0 ?@>E>48B, AC1J5:B ?@>BO38205B @C:8, :0: 1K AE20BK20O GB>-B>. >AB5?5==> MB0 :>;>==0 A3CI05BAO 8 ?@8=8<05B D>@B>@>9 AC1J5:B C7=05B A51O: MB> 53> ?@87@0:, @0A?>;030NI89AO 2A5340 2 76 80 A0=B8<5B@0E ?> ;52CN AB>@>=C; >= 1;5ABOI89, >A>15==> 2 25@E=59 G0AB8. 5>=B8=0 >1;0405B 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 A?>A>1=>ABLN A0<>AB>OB5;L=> @0742>OBLAO, A0<>?@>872>;L=>, =5 A>7=020O MB>3>, 8;8 65 ?>4 2;8O=85< 4065 =5 A8;L=>3> 65;0=8O; 8 @0742>5=85 MB> 405B 25AL<0 70<5G0B5;L=K5 O2;5=8O. >B =8A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2 87 <=>65AB20 8E. 4=064K 70 H8BL5< 5>=B8=0 ?5@5AB0;0 @01>B0BL, =5?>4286=> CAB0282 3;070 ?5@54 A>1>N. O <0BL, 70<5G0O, GB> >=0 =5 2 =>@<0;L=>< A>AB>O=88, >:;8:05B 55. 5>=B8=0 A;KH8B 55, E>G5B >B25B8BL, => =5 <>65B. :0:CN-=81C4L <8=CBC, GB> ?@>4>;605BAO MB> A>AB>O=85, >=0 ?5@5=5A;0AL 2 :><=0BC 7=0:><>9 59 >A>1K. =0 =5 7=0;0 @0A?>;>65=8O :><=0BK, :>B>@>9 =8:>340 =5 2840;0, => 2 A;54CNI85 4=8 >=0 B>G=> >?8A0;0 55 682H59 2 MB>9 :><=0B5 >A>15. =0 2845;0 :@>20BL, A:>;L:> 8 :0:>3> @>40 1K;8 ?>:@K20;0 =0 =59, <515;L, G8A;> ABC;L52, 2845;0 2A5 15745;CH:8 8 @07;8G=K5 ?@54<5BK 4> ?0@K AB0@KE BCD5;L, :>=5G=> A?@OB0==KE >B ?>AB>@>==8E 3;07. >4>1=>3> @>40 25I8 25AL<0 G0AB> A;CG0NBAO A =59, :>340 >=0 4065 =5 4C<05B > B><. 4@C3 H259=0O <0H8=0 70<>;:05B, ;8F> ?>@B=8E8 ?@8=8<05B :0B0;5?B8G5A:>5 2K@065=85 8 >=0 B5@O5B A>7=0=85, 2>>1I5 =5 4>;LH5 >4=>9 <8=CBK, 8 :>340 ?@8E>48B 2 A51O, B> A>7=05B, GB> 1K;0 2 >?@545;5==>< <5AB5, 8725AB=>< 8;8 =58725AB=>< 59, 2845;0 ?@>8AE>482H55 B0< 2 B> 2@5202H8E ;8F 8 A;KH0;0 4065 8E @073>2>@. > 5Q @0AG5BC, ?>B@51>20;>AL 1K =5 <5=LH5 ?>;CG0A0, GB>1K ?5@540BL 2A5, GB> >=0 ?5@52840;0 8 ?5@5A;KH0;0 70 >4=C MBC <8=CBC. G5=L ;N1>?KB=0O ?> ?@8@>45, >=0 <=5 A:070;0 >4=064K, GB>, 8=B5@5ACOAL O2;5=8O<8 @0742>5=8O, >=0 65;0;0 1K ?><=8BL, GB> >=0 45;05B, 3>2>@8B 8 2848B =0 <>8E >?KB=KE A50=A0E. / C:070; 59 =0 E>@>H> 8725AB=K9 A?>A>1 4;O 2A?><8=0=8O ?@8:;04K20=85 =0 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB ?0;LF0 :> ;1C. 5@=C2H8AL 4><>9 ?>A;5 A50=A0, >=0 ;>68BAO 8, ?@5645 G5< 70A=CBL, ?@8;>68;0 ?0;5F :> ;1C, GB>1K 2K720BL 2>A?><8=0=85 > 2845==>< 5N. 57C;LB0B ?>;CG8;AO =5?@8OB=59H89, B0: :0: ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: ?@8E>48;> 2>A?><8=0=85, >=0 =0G0;0 @0742>OBLAO 8 =5 70<54;8;0 C2845BL 2 ?>;C<@0:5 A2>59 :><=0BK A2>53> ?@87@0:0, ?0@OI53> =04 5Q :@>20BLN. Q 1>;L=0O <0BL, @02=K< >1@07>< 2 ?>AB5;8, A :>B>@>9 >=0 =5 <>3;0 ?>4=OBLAO, ?>720;0 5>=B8=C, 4;O >:070=8O :0:>9-B> CA;C38. >A;54=OO CA;KH0;0 3>;>A <0B5@8 :0: 1K 8740;5:0; => >=0 1K;0 2 ?>;=59H59 =52>7<>6=>AB8 =5 B>;L:> CA;C68BL, => 4065 8 >B25B8BL 59. @87@0: 65, 284O A2>5 =54286=>5 B5;> ?>4 A>1>N, @07 =8GB>65AB25 1@5==>9 >1>;>G:8, >B45;5==>9 >B =53>, 60;5O, GB> B5;> =5 <>65B >B>720BLAO =0 =0AB>OB5;L=K9 ?@87K2. -B> A>AB>O=85 @0742>5=8O ?@>4>;60;>AL ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 G0A0 420. 0:>=5F >=> ?@5:@0B8;>AL; ?@87@0: <>3 25@=CBLAO 2 A2>5 B5;>, 8 >1KG=>5 A>7=0=85 ?>AB5?5==> 2>AAB0=>28;>AL. 5>=B8=0 A>E@0=8;0 OA=>5 8 B>G=>5 2>A?><8=0=85 > A50=A5, :>B>@K9 >=8 ?@8?><=8;0, 0 B0:65 > AB@0==>< 8 =5>1KG=>< A>AB>O=88, G5@57 :>B>@>5 >=0 ?@>H;0; 8 >=0 ?>:;O;0AL =8:>340 1>;55 =5 AB0@0BLAO 2A?><8=0BL B>, GB> >=0 45;0;0 8;8 2845;0 2> 2@553> @0742>5=8O =0 >?KB5. !B@0==K5 O2;5=8O ?@>8AE>4OB G0AB> 2>:@C3 =5Q 157 2848<>9 ?@8G8=K; 2>B =8A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2. 25@F0 H:0D0, 2 :>B>@>< >=0 45@68B @07;8G=K5 25I8, G0AB> A0<>?@>872>;L=> >B:@K205BAO 8 ?>2AN4C @0740NBAO ABC:8, ?@8G5< =8 >=0, =8 <0BL 5Q =5 2848B @C:8, ?@>872>4OI59 ABC:8. 4=064K =>GLN 38?A>20O AB0BCMB:0 =0 :0<8=5 A45;0;0AL 1;5ABOI59, >A>15==> 2 25@E=59 G0AB8. 5>=B8=0 8 5Q <0BL, ;5602H85 2 ?>AB5;8, 1K;8 >G5=L C482;5=K MB8< O2;5=85<, :>B>@>5 ?@>4>;60;>AL A G0A 2@5<5=8 8 1>;55 =5 ?>2B>@O;>AL. 0:-B> @07 25G5@><, @0AAB@>5==0O 8 >G5=L CAB02H0O >B CA8;5==>9 @01>BK 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 4=59, >=0 ?@8;56=> @01>B0;0, :0: 24@C3 5Q <0H8=0 >AB0=>28;0AL. =0 E>B5;0 428=CBL 55 @C:>N, => ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A>?@>B82;5=85, :>B>@>3> =5 <>3;0 ?@5>4>;5BL A;>2=> ?>AB>@>==OO @C:0 ?@5?OBAB2>20;0 42865=8N <0H8=K. >A;5 157CA?5H=KE ?>?KB>: ?CAB8BL 2 E>4 <0H8=C >=0 2AB0;0, => A>7=020;0, GB> >=0 =5 2 =>@<0;L=>< A2>5< A>AB>O=88. =0 45;0;0 CA8;8O, GB>1K A>1@0BLAO A A8;0<8, 2>9B8 2 =>@<0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 8 59 MB> C40;>AL =5 157 B@C40, ;8HL G5@57 =8A:>;L:> <8=CB. # =5Q O28;>AL A5 A>7=0=85, GB> >=0 1K;0 2 @0742>5=88 8 GB> 5Q 42>9=8:, =5 65;0O 1>;55 @01>B0BL, >AB0=>28; <0H8=C, 7045@602 2 @C:0E ?5@540B>G=K9 @5<5=L. @5645 G5< >=0 ?@8H;0 2 A51O, ?>?@>A8;8 CG5=8FC >A<>B@5BL <0H8=C; >=0 E>B5;0 ?CAB8BL 55 2 459AB285, => 59 C40;>AL MB> B>;L:> B>340, :>340 : 5>=B8=5 25@=C;>AL 5Q =>@<0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85. 5>=B8=0 =8:>340 =5 1K20;0 =0 A?8@8B8G5A:8E A50=A0E; >=0 =5 7=05B, GB> B0:>5 A?8@8B87<, 8 CB25@6405B, GB> >=0 =5 <548C<. V. -60 $@0=AC0, 28 ;5B, =>O1@L 1907 3. G5=L :@>B:0O, <5GB0B5;L=8F0 8 70<:=CB0O 2 A515, E>BO 4>2>;L=> 25A5;0O, 3-60 $@0=AC0 25AL<0 E>@>H89 AC1J5:B, >B;8G=>3> 74>@>2LO. Q G0AB> CAK?;O5B 5Q B>@K9 8=>340 =01;N40; C =5Q 70<5G0B5;L=>5 OA=>2845=85. = 4>2>48; 55 4> M:AB5@8>@870F88, => =5 ?>A<5; 2K7K20BL @0742>5=85, :>B>@>5 :070;>AL 5?0A=K<. !C1J5:B M:AB5@8>@87C5BAO >G5=L 1KAB@>, 8 A3CI5=85 45;05BAO A >158E AB>@>= =0 @0AAB>O=88 60 70 A0=B8<5B@>2. 8725AB=K9 <><5=B ?>A;5 ;53:>3> =5@2=>3> A>4@>30=8O AC1J5:B0 ?@020O :>;>==0 ?@>E>48B ?>7048 AC1J5:B0, A>548=O5BAO A ;52>9 8 >1@07C5BAO ?@87@0: =0 @0AAB>O=88 50 60 A0=B8<5B@>2. 5AL<0 ;N1>?KB=0O ?>4@>1=>ABL, :>B>@CN <=5 =5 ?@8E>48;>AL =01;N40BL A 4@C38<8 AC1J5:B0<8. -60 $@0=AC0 2848B A?5@20 3@C1CN D>@3> 2840, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 @07;8G05B A:5;5B, A;01> >A25I5==K9 2=CB@8. =0 ?C305BAO 8 >B2>@0G8205BAO, 70:@K2 ;8F> @C:0<8. "-B> <5@B25F". 3>2>@8B >=0, "=04> 53> ?@>3=0BL". / @07C15640N 55 8 ?@>4>;60N <03=5B878@>20=85. !:5;5B=0O D>@<0 ?>AB5?5==> 8AG5705B, 702>;0:820OAL A5@>20BK< 4K<>< 8;8 ?0@><, 8 =>20O D>@<0, A3CI0OAL, ?@8=8<05B 284 1>;LH>9 B>;AB>9 65=I8=K =5?@8OB=>9 =0@C6=>AB8. "-B> =5 :@0A82>", 3>2>@8B AC1J5:B. 03=5B878@>20=85 ?@>4>;605BAO, =0@C6=K9 284 65=I8=K C;CGH05BAO 8 =0G8=05B ?>E>48BL =0 AC1J5:B0. "-B0 65=I8=0 ?>E>60 =0 <5=O", 3>2>@8B >=, >=0 45;05B B0:85 65 42865=8O, :0: O", 8 ?@8102;O5B A C482;5=85<: "0 254L MB> O!". ! MB>9 <8=CBK ?@87@0:, ?@8OB=K9 =0 284, ?@8=8<05B ?>7C AC1J5:B0 8 AB0=>28BAO >G5=L 1;5ABOI8<, >A>15==> 2 25@E=59 G0AB8. -B8 =01;N45=8O, A45;0==K5 C65 =0 ?5@2>< A50=A5, =587<5==> ?>2B>@O;8AL ?>B><, :>340 O 4>?@0H820; AC1J5:B0; => 284 A:5;5B0 2 A8;C ?@82KG:8 AB0=>28;AO 2A5 <5=55 8 <5=55 =5?@8OB=K<. -60 $@0=AC0 =8:>340 =5 ?@8ACBAB2>20;0 =0 A?8@8B8G5A:8E A>1@0=8OE 8 =5 7=05B, GB> ?@>8AE>48B =0 =8E, => AE>685 A> A?8@8B8G5A:8<8 O2;5=8O =01;N40NBAO >:>;> =5Q 157 ?@O<>3> CG0AB8O A 5Q AB>@>=K. 54:89 45=L ?@>E>48B, >A>15==> 2 8725AB=K5 A@>:8, GB>1K =5 A;KH0;8AL ABC:8 2 <515;8 8 =5>1KG=K5 72C:8 ?>2AN4C. 5AL<0 G0AB> ?@>8AE>4OB 5I5 1>;55 AB@0==K5 O2;5=8O, 2 :>B>@KE OA=> <>6=> 2845BL 459AB285 ?@87@0:0 AC1J5:B0, A0<>?@>872>;L=> @0742>82H53>AO. >B =5A:>;L:> ?@8<5@>2, 2K1@0==KE 87 <=>65AB20 4@C38E, A@548 :>B>@KE 2AB@5G0NBAO 5I5 1>;55 AB@0==K5. # 3-68 $@0=AC0 5ABL <0;5=L:0O H:0BC;:0, :>B>@>9 >=0 >G5=L 4>@>68B 8 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 45@68B ?@8=04;56=>AB8 H8BLO 8 2KH820=8O. "0 4=OE, @0AA:07K20; <=5 3. $@0=AC0, <>O 65=0 ;560;0, 0 H:0BC;:0 AB>O;0 =0 >1KG=>< A2>5< <5AB5 =0 :0<8=5 2 A?0;L=5. / 2845;, :0: H:0BC;:0 >B:@K;0AL A0<0 A>1>N 8 BO65;> 70B5< 70E;>?=C;0AL. / A?@>A8; 65=C, ?>G5B:@K;0AL 8 70B5< 70:@K;0AL; >=0 >B25B8;0 <=5, GB> A0<0 >B:@K;0 55, GB>1K 27OBL ;5=BC". 4=064K 25G5@>< AC?@C38 A>18@0;8AL ;>68BLAO A?0BL. -60 $@0=AC0 :070;0AL CAB02H59, 704C9, ?>;CA>==>9; >=0 AB>O;0 2>7;5 :@>20B8. -= $@0=AC0 OA=> CA;KH0; ABC: 2 873>;>2L5 :@>20B8. BC 65 <8=CBC 3-60 $@0=AC0, :>B>@0O ?@>4>;60;0 AB>OBL =0 ?@56=5< <5AB5, 24@C3 ?>4=O;0 @C:8 : 3>;>25 8 A:070;0, GB> >=0 A8;L=> CH81;0AL. "'B> B0:>5?" A?@>A8; 3. $@0=AC0 C 65=K. "/ =5;>2:> ;53;0, >B25B8;0 >=0, 8 A8;L=> C40@8;0AL 3>;>2>N > A?8=:C :@>20B8". 0 4=OE >4=0 87 ;N18?0;0. . $@0=AC0 CAK?8; 65=C, ?>B> >=0 E>B5;0 7=0BL, 345 <>3;0 1KBL MB0 25IL, 8 >=0 >1JO28;0, GB> 25IL ;568B 2<5AB5 A 4@C38<8 @07=K<8 25I0<8 2 G5<>40=5 C A>A54:8, :>B>@0O 1K20;0 C =8E 2 4><5. 0 4@C3>9 45=L 3-60 $@0=AC0 >B?@028;0AL : MB>9 A>A54:5 8 ;>2:> 7025;0 @073>2>@ >1 MB>< G5<>40=5. "!B@0==0O 25IL", A:070;0 A>A54:0, "2G5@0, 2 B0:><-B> G0AC, O CA;KH0;0 3@><:89 72C:, :0: 1C4B> G5<>40= >B:@K;AO 8 BO65;> 70E;>?=C;AO". B>B 8<5==> G0A, :>340 1K; A;KH5= 72C:, 3-60 $@0=AC0 1K;0 CAK?;5=0 4;O @>7KA:>2 ?>B5@O==>9 25I8. B<5G05< >4=C >A>15==>ABL: MB8 O2;5=8O 2A5340 ?@>8AE>4OB =5>6840==>. 5 >48= @07 3. 8 3-60 $@0=AC0 E>B5;8 ?@>8725AB8 8E 2 B> 2@5340 >=0 1K;0 2 A><=0<1C;8G5A:>< A>AB>O=88, 8 =8G53> =8:>340 =5 2KE>48;>. -60 $@0=AC0 =5 <548C<; >=0 =5 7=05B, GB> B0:>5 A?8@8B87<. VI. -60 8:A, 46 ;5B, =>O1@L 1907. @52>AE>4=K9 AC1J5:B-?@>D5AA8>=0;, E>@>H> 8725AB=K9 2A5< 8=B5@5ACNI8?KB0<8 MB>3> @>40. #65 4204F0BL ;5B CG0AB2C5B 2 <>8E >?KB0E <03=5B8G5A:>9 D878:8. >;:>2=8: 45- >H0 >G5=L F5=8B 5Q A>459AB285 2 53> 8AA;54>20=8OE ?>;O@=>AB8 8 M:AB5@8>@870F88 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. 1;0405B 25AL<0 E>@>H8< 74>@>2L5<. =0 ?@>E>48B G5@57 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K5 D07K 38?=>70, @57:> >B45;5==K5 >4=0 >B 4@C3>9, 8 >G5=L 1KAB@> @0742>O5BAO 2 >1KG=>< ?@>F5AA5. 5<=>3> OA=>284OI0O, 2 <03=5B8G5A:>< A><=0<1C;87<5 >=0 45;05B ;N1>?KB=K5 >?8A0=8O B0: =07K205<>3> >::C;LB8AB0<8 0AB@0;L=>3> <8@0. 5 <548C<. VII. -60 0<15@, D52@0;L 1908. @52>AE>4=K9 AC1J5:B 8, ?>4>1=> ?@54K4CI59, <=>3> ;5B ?@8=8<0;0 CG0AB85 2 8AA;54>20=8OE ?>;:>2=8:0 45- >H0. =0 ?>;L7C5BAO B5?5@L >B;8G=K< 74>@>2L5<, => =5 2A5340 B0: 1K;>. 5B ?OB=04F0BL =0704 >=0 1K;0 4>2>;L=> 1>;57=5==>9 8 G0AB> 1K20;0 2K=C645=0 =5 2KE>48BL 87 :><=0BK. =0 B>340 ?>AB>O==> M:AB5@8>@87>20;0AL; >15AA8;5==0O B0:8< A>AB>O=85<, >=0 =5 E>B5;0 1>;55 2KE>48BL 87 4>B>, :0: B>;L:> : =59 ?>4E>48;8, C =59 O2;O;>AL B0:>5 >ICI5=85, B>G=> E>48;8 ?> 5Q =>30<. >340 59 A;CG0;>AL 5E0BL 2 ><=81CA5, =5 B>;L:> ?>AB>O==> "=0ABC?0;8 59 =0 =>38", => 8 A048;8AL : =59 =0 :>;5=8 8 1>;L=> 704520;8 55 A> 2A5E AB>@>=. =>340 >=0 2>72@0I0;0AL 4><>9 A A8=O:0<8 >B C40@>2, :>B>@K5 ?>;CG0;0 G@57 ?>A@54AB2> M:AB5@8>@87>20==>3> GC2AB28B5;L=>3> A;>O, ?>AB>O==> >:@C602H53> 55 A> 2A5E AB>@>=. =>3> @07 A =59 A;CG0;>AL =5>6840==> ?>;=>5 @0742>5=85. "0:, ;560 2 ?>AB5;8, 87=5<>645==0O 8 ?>GB8 =5 2 A8;0E 42830BLAO, >=0 A C60A>< 3;O45;0 =0 A2>9 ?@87@0:, :>B>@K9 G0A0<8 ?0@8; =04 =59, =5?>4286=K9, 5A;8 >=0 =5 42830;0AL, 8 ?>2B>@ONI89, :0: B5=L, 5Q <0;59H85 42865=8O, 5A;8 >=0 <5=O;0 ?>;>65=85 8;8 42830;0 :0:8<-;81> G;5=><. >340 ?@87@0: =0E>48;AO 2 8725AB=>< ?>;>65=88, >=0 2845;0 53> >B@065=85 2 75@:0;5. >340 >= 24@C3 ?5@5<5I0;AO, 55 >E20BK20; C60A 8 E>;>4=K9 ?>B 2KABC?0; =0 ;8F5. =>3> @07, :>340 >=0 ;560;0 2 87=5<>65=88, >=0 8A?KBK20;0 >ICI5=85, ?>4>1=> =5:>B>@K< C<8@0NI8< ;N4O<, GB> :B>-B> ;568B @O4>< A =59. 5 ?>4>7@520O, GB> MB> >ICI5=85 B>65 >1CA;>2;5=> 5Q @0742>5=85<, >=0 ?;>B=> 70:CBK20;0AL 2 >45O;> 8 ;560;0, 704KE0OAL, G0A0<8, 1>OAL ?>H525;8BLAO, 4@>60 8 >1;820OAL ?>B><. =0 =8:>340 =5 70=8<0;0AL A?8@8B87<>< 8 =5 25@8B 2 @50;L=>ABL 4CE>2; <548CB>@KE >=0 AG8B05B 70 ;>2:8E D>:CA=8:>2, @074@060NB 55 8 4>2>4OB 4> 3@C1>AB8. 4=064K 59 A;CG8;>AL 1KBL =0 A50=A5 C 7=0:>;, A;KH0;0 C40@K =>3 2 ?0@:5B, 2 >B25B =0 ?@54;>65==K5 2>?@>AK, => 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 708=B5@5A>20BLAO MB8< O2;5=85<, >=0 AB0@0;0AL @073040BL D>:CA 8 =5 <>3;0, @0AA5@48;0AL 8 =03>2>@8;0 45@7>AB59 2A5< ?@8ACBAB2>202H8<, ?@8H;>AL ?@5:@0B8BL A50=A 2 ?>;=>< 53> @0730@5. 9 A;CG0;>AL 2AB@5G0BLAO C ?>;:>2=8:0 45- >H0 A <548C<0<8 -270?859 8 >;8B8; =5 2K=>AO 8E ?@8ACBAB28O, >=0 1KAB@> C40;O;0AL. A2>59 :20@B8@5 >=0 G0AB> A;KH8B C40@K 8 @07=K5 HC340 8E =8:B> =5 B@>305B... 4=064K, :>340 >=0 ;560;0 2 ?>AB5;8, CAB02H0O 8 A>==0O, =0A;CH02H8AL 1>;55 AB@0==KE 8 3@><:8E HC<>2, G5< >1K:=>25==>, AB>O2H0O =0 MB065@:5 D0@D>@>20O AB0BCMB:0 1K;0 1@>H5=0 =52848<>9 @C:>9 8 3>;>2:0 @0718;0AL. =0 =5 >1;0405B OA=>2845=85< 2 A><=0<1C;87<5; A 70:@KBK<8 25:0<8 8 A>25@H5==> 87>;8@>20==0O, >=0 =5 ?@>E>48B 70<5B=> G5@57 D07K 38?=>70 2> 2@5@870F88 8 25AL<0 1KAB@> @0742>O5BAO 2 >1KG=>< ?@>F5AA5. Q ?@87@0: @0A?>;0305BAO ?> ;52CN AB>@>=C 5Q =0 @0AAB>O=88 20 25 A0=B8<5B@>2. >GB8 2A5 AC1J5:BK >A;01520NB 8 =5 <>3CB ?>GB8 42830BLAO ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: ?@87@0: A3CI05BAO 8 AB0=>28BAO A?>A>1=K< : 459AB28N. -60 0<15@, =0>1>@>B, :0: 1C4B> 45;05BAO A8;L=K5 8 =0?@O305BAO 8=>340 B0: A8;L=>, GB> ?0405B 2 87=5<>65=88. !G8B0N =5;8H=8< C?>1 >4=>< D0:B5, :>B>@K9 ?@>87>H5; 2> 2@58E 8AA;54>20=89. -60 0<15@ 4@C6=0 A >4=>9 A5<59, A>AB>OI59 87 <0B5@8-24>2K 8 4>G5@8 25 ;5B, :>B>@K5 =5 65;0NB, GB>1K 8E 8<5=0 1K;8 >3;0H5=K. #4>2;5B2>@OO B0:>2>5 8E 65;0=85, O >1>7=0GC MB8 ;8F0 8=8F80;0<8 ... AC11>BC, 13 8N=O 1908 3., 3-60 0<15@ 1K;0 C ... :>;> 8 G0A>2 25G5@0, ?@>E>4O ?> B5<=>9 3>AB8=>9, >=0 C2840;0 C :0<8=0 =5<=>3> 1;5ABOICN BC<0==CN :>;>==C, 2KH8=>N A G5;>25:0 A@54=53> @>AB0, => A =5OA=> >1@8A>20==K<8 :>=BC@0<8. A?C30==0O, >=0 1KAB@> ?@>H;0 2 AB>;>2CN 8 >1JO28;0, GB> 2845;0 ?@87@0:. -68 ..., >15 >BG0AB8 AC1J5:BK, ?>4>H;8 : 425@O< 3>AB8=>9 8 A @07;8G8;8 :>;>==C, =5 ?>=8<0O ?@8G8=K MB>3> O2;5=8O. A5 25@=C;8AL 2 AB>;>2CN 8 A:>@> ?>701K;8 ?@> MB> 2845=85, =5 ?@8402 5;LH>3> 7=0G5=8O. 0 4@C3>9 45=L, ?>A;5 ?>;C4=O, 3-60 0<15@ A=>20 ?@8H;0 : . 8 C2840;0 C ?>4J5740 A>A54=53> 4><0 ?@83>B>2;5=8O : ?>E>@>=0<. " A>A54=5< 4><5 5ABL C<5@H89", A:070;0 >=0, ?@84O: "B@0C@=K5 :0@5BK AB>OB, 8 ?>4J574 G5@=K< >18B". 8:B> =5 A;KH0; > A<5@B8 2 4><5, 8 3-68 . =8G53> =5 7=0;8 > B><. > CE>45 ?>E>@>==>9 ?@>F5AA88 3-60 . A?CAB8;0AL : H259F0@C B>3> 4><0 A?@>A8BL, :B> C<5@. "!B0@0O 10@K=O", >B25B8; >=, "?@8OB5;L=8F0 A5 MB060, ?@85E0;0 : =8< =545;8 425 =0704 8 C<5@;0 C =8E". -68 . 682CB =0 B@5BL5< MB065, 8 3>AB8=0O, 345 2845;8 =0:0=C=5 ?@87@0G=CN :>;>==C, ?@8<=0B5 ?>:>9=8FK. "@C? ;560; =0 :@>20B8 C AB5=K, @0745;ONI59 425 :20@B8@K. 0AAB>O=85 <564C B@C?>< 8 <5AB>< ?>O2;5=8O :>;>==K 1K;> 1 <. 50 60 A<. -60 0<15@, >?@0282H8AL >B A2>53> 2G5@0H=53> 8A?C30, ?>4>H;0 : :0<8=C, 345 ?>O28;>AL 2845=85, 8 1K;0 >G5=L C482;5=0, GB> 2 MB>9 G0AB8 :><=0BK 1K;> 3>@074> B5?;55, G5< 2 >AB0;L=KE. -68 . B>65 ?>4>H;8 8 70<5B8;8 ?>2KH5==CN B5 8E >G5=L C4828;>. -60 0<15@ ?@8E>48B =0 =0CG=K5 A50=AK ?> 2B>@=8:0<. A;54CNI89 2B>@=8:, 16-3> 8N=O, >=0 ?>A?5H8;0 @0AA:070BL <=5 > 2845=88 8 A>?@>2>6402H8E 53> >A>15==>ABOE. / B>BG0A 65 ?@54?>;>68;, GB> ?>O282H89AO ?@87@0: 1K; ?@87@0:>< C<5@H53> ;8F0 8 1@>48; ?> 1;87>AB8 >B ;5602H53> =0 ?>AB5;8 B@C?0. > MB> =5 B> 1K;>, :0: 2K C2848B5. >340 AC1J5:B 1K; @0742>5=, O A?@>A8;, GB> MB> 1K;0 70 BC<0==0O :>;>==0. "-B> =5 B>, GB> 2K 4C<05B5", B>BG0A 65 >B25B8;0 >=0 <=5. "-B> ?@87@0: G5;>25:0, C<5@H53> =5A:>;L:> ;5B =0704. = AB0@ 8 1;87>: 3-60< ., :>B>@K< >= 2>B C65 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 :0: 65;05B ?5@540BL GB>-B>, 8 5 =5 C405BAO. = 2>A?>;L7>20;AO D;N848G5A:8< 25I5AB2>< A>A54=59 ?>:>9=8FK, GB>1K A45;0BLAO 2848<. !8;L=> 65;0O 2>9B8 2 A>>1I5=85, >= @0AE>4C5B 4;O MB>3> <=>3> M=5@388 8 MB>-B> ?@>8725;> B5?;>BC, :>B>@CN MB8 40< 8< <5AB5". -60 0<15@ >?8AK205B <=5 ?@87@0: 8 3>2>@8B > 53> B25@4>< =0<5@5=88 ?@54C?@548BL 3-6C . > A5<59=KE 45;0E, :>B>@K5 :0A0NBAO 8E 8=B5@5A>2, => O =5 <>3C 4>18BLAO, GB>1K ?@87@0: AC1J5:B0 2>H5; 2 ?@O<>5 A>>1I5=85 A ?@87@0:>< C<5@H53> G5;>25:0. / C:07K20N AC1J5:BC A?>A>1, GB>1K 2A?><=8BL ?5@540==>5 5N <=5 4;O ?>2B>@5=8O 708=B5@5A>20==K< ;8F0<. 0 A;54CNI55 CB@> 3-60 0<15@ >B?@028;0AL : 3-60< . 8 ?5@540;0 8< 2A5, GB> 3>2>@8;0 <=5 2G5@0. -60 ... C7=0;0 ?> >?8A0=8N A2>53> >BF0, C<5@H53> 420 3>40 =0704, 8 2KA:070;0 3-65 0<15@B A2>5 15A?>:>9AB2> ?> ?>2>4C 45;0 > =0A;54AB25, :>B>@>5 :;>=8;>AL :0: 1C4B> =5 2 5Q ?>;L7C. >B C65 420 4=O, :0: 3-68 . 284OB ?@87@0: ?>:>9=>3>, :>B>@K9 A;54C5B 70 =8<8 8;8 ?@54H5AB2C5B 8<, :C40 1K >=8 =8 H;8, >A>15==> 2 :20@B8@5; BCB, 5A;8 40= 2>72@0I05BAO : A2>59 AB>O=:5 C :0<8=0 8 2848< B5?5@L A 2 D>@<5 1;5ABOI59 :>;>==K, :0: 53> 2845;0 3-60 0<15@B 2 ?5@2K9 @07. @>BO3820O @C:C 2 MBC :>;>==C, >=8 2A5340 >ICI0NB 25AL<0 A8;L=CN B5?;>BC. 528F0 . ?>25A8;0 2 3>AB8=>9 >1K:=>25==K9 B5@<><5B@ 8 ?> >?@545;5=88 B5<=0B5 ?5@525A8;0 53> 2 25@E=NN G0ABL D;N848G5A:>9 :>;>==K; G5@57 G5B25@BL G0A0, CB25@6405B >=0, >=0 70<5B8;0 ?>2KH5=85 B5GB8 =0 420 3@04CA0. > 2B>@=8: 23-3> 8N=O 3-60 0<15@ A:070;0 <=5, GB> 1;5ABOI0O :>;>==0 AB0=>28BAO <5=55 2848<>9, 0 B5?;>B0, E>BO <5=55 A8;L=0O, 2A5 5I5 1K;0 >G5=L >ICB8B5;L=0. / @5H8;, A @07@5H5=8O 3-6 ,, ?@>25@8BL A 42C@0B>@=K<8 B5@<><5B@0<8, 1K;0 ;8 MB0 B5?;>B0 459AB28B5;L=> >1J5:B82=0O. / >B?@028;AO 2 G5B25@3 25-3>, >:>;> 2 G0A>2 ?>?>;C4=8, A 3. >4@8:C@><, A5:@5B0@5< "$@0=FC7A:>3> <03=5B8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20". -60 0<15@ 1K;0 B0<. / ?@>8725; 5Q @0742>5=85, GB>1K C7=0BL, =5 <>3;0 ;8 >=0, =0E>4OAL 2>7;5 ?@87@0:0 ?>:>9=>3>, 2>9B8 2 A>>1I5=85 A =8< 8 2KA;CH0BL 53> ?@87=0=8O. =0 C2845;0 53>, :0: 2845;0 C <5=O, => =8G53> =5 <>3;0 C7=0BL :@><5 B>3>, GB> C65 7=0;0. / @071C48; 55 8 4@8:C@>< ?@8ABC?8;8 : 87<5@5=8N B5;L:8E <5AB0E 3>AB8=>9. >B ?>;CG5==K5 =0<8 F8D@K. 10 =0H8 B5@<><5B@0 1K;8 ?>AB02;5=K =0 :@5A;> C 70:@KB>3> >:=0 2 B@5E <5B@0E >B <5AB>=0E>645=8O ?@87@0:0. '5@57 G5B25@BL G0A0, :>340 CAB0=>28;>AL @02=>25A85 <564C >:@C60NI59 A@54>9 8 8=AB@C<5=B0<8, =AB0B8@>20;8, GB> >=8 ?>:07K20NB 20,7°. 48= 87 B5@<><5B@>2 1K; >AB02;5= =0 :@5A;5, 2 :0G5AB25 :>=B@>;L=>3>, 0 4@C3>9 ?>AB02;5= =0 ?>; 2 <5AB5 =86=59 G0AB8 ?@87@0:0. '5@57 45AOBL <8=CB >= A?CAB8;AO 4> 20,4°. ">340 53> ?>25A8;8 =0 2KA>B5 1 <. 60 A<., B0<, 345 B5;55 ?>2KH5==>9, G5< 345-;81>. '5@57 45AOBL <8=CBL 8=AB@C<5=B ?>:070; 21°; >AB02;5==K9 65 =0 :@5A;5 2AQ 5IQ ?>:07K20; 20,7°. K ?5@5<5I05< 53> 2 3;C18=C 3>AB8=>9, =0 4@C3>5 :@5A;>, 2 42CE <5B@0E >B <5AB>=0E>645=8O ?@87@0:0. '5@57 45AOBL <8=CB >= A?CAB8;AO 4> 20,5°, 0 28A52H89 >AB020;AO =0 21°. K ?>25A8;8 >10 8=AB@C<5=B0 @O4>< 8 G5@57 45AOBL <8=CBL C2840;8, GB> >=8 >10 ?>:07K20;8 20,8°. 5AL<0 25@>OB=>, GB> E>4L10 2704 8 2?5@54 ?5@5<5AB8;0 2>74CE, 2> 2@5AAB0=>2;5=8O @02=>25A8O B5 2A59 :><=0B5, GB> <>3;> 2K720BL ?>=865=85 2 <5AB5 =0E>645=8O ?@87@0:0. 48= 87 B5@<><5B@>2 1K; A=>20 ?><5I5= =0 ?5@2>5 :@5A;>. K 2A5 2KH;8 87 3>AB8=>9, 70:@K;8 425@L, 8 G5@57 ?>;G0A0 >= ?>:07K20; 20,7°, <564C B5< :0: 4@C3>9 >AB020;AO =0 20,8°. "0: :0: 2 :0<8=5 =5B B5?;0, 0 70 AB5=>N, @0745;ONI59 425 :20@B8@K, :0: O 3>2>@8; 2KH5, AB>O;0 :@>20BL 2 A?0;L=5, B> A;54>20B5;L=> 2 B>9 G0AB8 3>AB8=>9, 345 3-68 ... 8 0<15@ >ICI0;8 1>;LHCN B5?;>BC, G5< 2 >AB0;L=>9 :><=0B5, 1K;> =51>;LH>5, => 459AB28B5;L=>5 ?>2KH5=85 B52KH5=85 2 MB>9 G0AB8 1K;> 0,6° =0 ?>;C, 0,5° 2 3;C18=5 3>AB8=>9 8 0,3° >:>;> >:=0; 2 :>=F5 @07=8F0 1K;0 5I5 0,2°, GB> <>6=> >1JOA=8BL A8;L=K< 281@0F8>==K< 42865=85< ?@87@0:0. ;O 4>?>;=5=8O MB>3> =01;N45=8O AB028;8 >48= 87 B5@<><5B@>2 4528F5 ., :>B>@0O A>3;0A8;0AL ?> =0H525BC ?@>8725AB8 =01;N45=85 =0 4@C3>9 45=L, 2 1>;55 ?>;=>< A?>:>9AB288. :>;> 42CE G0A>2 =>G8 >=0 B8E>=L:> >B:@K;0 425@L 2 3>AB8=CN, :>B>@0O >AB020;0AL 70:@KB>N ?>A;5 =0H53> CE>40, ?>AB028;0 B5@<><5B@ =0 :@5A;> C >:=0, A5;0 8 G5@57 45AOBL <8=CB >B<5B8;0, GB> >= ?>:07K20; 20,8°. =0 ?>25A8;0 53> B0< 65, 345 =L:> 70:@K2 425@L, 8, 25@=C2H8AL G5@57 420 G0A0, C2840;0 =0 =5< 21,2°. =0 A=>20 ?>;>68;0 8=AB@C<5=B =0 B> 65 :@5A;>, 345 >= 1K; 2 =0G0;5, 8 >B<5B8;0 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CBL 20,8°. B0:, A@02=8B5;L=> A =081>;LH59 B5?;>B>9 1K;> ?>2KH5=85 B5G5=L 2?5G0B;8B5;L=0O, => 74>@>2L5 >B;8G=>5. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, 8A?KBK205B 8=>340 =8G5< =5 >?@024K20538 8 >?0A5=8O. 5AL<0 GC2AB28B5;L=0O, >=0 1K;0 C65 420-B@8 @070 CAK?;5=0 3. N1C0. 5B =8 OA=>2845=8O, =8 70<5B=KE D07 ?@8 38?=>75. =0 @0742>O5BAO ;53:>, ?> >1KG=>F5AAC; ?@87@0: 5Q AB0=>28BAO ?> ;52CN AB>@>=C 5Q, =0 @0AAB>O=88 40 50 A0=B8<5B@>2. =0 =5 <548C<; A?8@8B87<, > :>B>@>< >=0 A;KH0;0, =5 8=B5@5AC5B 55 8 >=0 =5 1K;0 =8 =0 >4=>< A?8@8B8G5A:>< A50=A5. 1903 3>4C, :>340 >=0 5I5 1K;0 2 CG51=>< 702545=89, >=0 2845;0 2> A=5 ;N459 2 8=>AB@0==>9 75<;5. 1905 3. >=0 >B?@028;0AL 2 L2>2 (2AB@8O) CG8B5;L=8F59 2 >4=C A5B>@KE 2845;0 2> A=5. # A51O 4><0 =8:>340 =5 A;KH8B =5>1KG=KE HC<>2. IX. 528F0 0=, ?>@B=8E0, 20 ;5B, 023CAB 1908 3. %>@>H89 AC1J5:B, ;53:> 70AK?05B, =5 ?@>E>4O :;0AA8G5A:85 D07K 38?=>70. !;01>3> 74>@>2LO, G@572KG09=> =5@2=0O, 1K;0 1K 25@>OB=> OA=>284OI59, 5A;8 1K 55 @072820;8 4;O MB>3>. 0742>O5BAO 4>2>;L=> A:>@> 8 2848B 1;5ABOI85 87;CG5=8O, 8AE>4OI85 A?5@20 87 ?@02>9 AB>@>=K 5Q, 70B5< 87 >158E AB>@>=. -:AB5@8>@870F8O 5Q ?@>AB8@05BAO ?>GB8 =0 <5B@ 2>:@C3 =5Q. 5B A3CI5=8O A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K 2 2845 1;5ABOI59 :>;>==K, => 87;CG5=8O A MB>9 AB>@>=K A:>@> ?>4E>4OB : ?5@54=59 G0AB8 B5;0 8 ?@>E>4OB =0;52>, 2@>25=L A A5;575=:>9, 2 D>@<5 H=C@0 B>;I8=>N 2 @C:C, :>B>@0O >1@8A>2K205BAO. A:>@5 ?@87@0: >1@07C5BAO A ;52>9 5Q AB>@>=K, A?5@20 2 2845 ?>4286=>9 :>;>==K, :>B>@0O 70B5< A3CI05BAO, ?@8=8<05B D>@=0 A0<0. E>@>H> >1@07>202H5548=ONI89 53> A D878G5A:8< B5;><, 1K205B B>;I8=>N A 1>;LH>9 ?0;5F =0 @C:5. ><0 C A51O >=0 G0AB> A;KH8B B@5A: 2 <515;8 8 @0740NI85AO A @07=KE AB>@>= ABC:8. =0 AG8B05B A51O <548C<><; <=>3> @07 A G;5=0<8 A2>59 A5=0 ?@82>48;0 2 42865=85 AB>; 8 ?>;CG0;0 ?> ?@028;0< A?8@8B87<0 >B25BK =0 ?@54;>65==K5 2>?@>AK. II. 1I55 >?8A0=85 ?@87@0:0. I. 1@07>20=85 ?@87@0:0. II. 1I5=85 ?@87@0:0 A D878G5A:8< B5;><. III. @87@0: 1;5ABOI. IV. 45O=85 ?@87@0:0. V. #A;>28O >?KB>2. I. 1@07>20=85 ?@87@0:0. K 2845;8, GB> AC1J5:BK, ?>425@305;55 8;8 <5=55 4>;3>5 2@5@87CNBAO, B. 5., ?@8 A>E@0=5=88 8E >1KG=>3> A>7=0=8O GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL 8E, 8AG57=C2H0O A 8E :>68 2 =0G0;8 A50=A0, 87;CG05BAO B5?5@L 2>:@C3 =8E =0 @0AAB>O=85 4> 2 <. 50 A<. 8 4065 3 <5B@>2. 0G8=0O A 8725AB=>3> <><5=B0, MB0 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL, :>B>@CN 2A5 AC1J5:BK 284OB 2 D>@<5 BC<0=0, 15;>20B>3>, A5@>3> 8;8 A5@>20B>3> D;N840, 8=>340 A> A;53:0 @04C6=K<8 >BB5=:0<8, A3CI05BAO 8 @0A?>;0305BAO ?> >158< 8E AB>@>=0<, =0 @0AAB>O=88 >B 20 A0=B8<5B@>2 (3-60 0<15@) 4> 80 (-4<5 8 5>=B8=0). !C1J5:BK ?>;:>2=8:0 45- >H0 2845;8 A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K A2>59 ?@02CN ?>;>28=C A2>53> ?@87@0:0, A ;52>9 AB>@>=K ;52CN ?>;>28=C ?@87@0:0, 8 >15 ?>;>28=K 1K;8 >:@0H5=K 8 2?>;=5 ?>E>48;8 =0 A>>B25BAB2CNI85 AB>@>=K 8E B5;0. / =8G53> =8:>340 ?>4>1=>3> =5 =01;N40; 4065 A AC1J5:B0<8 ?>;:>2=8:0. >65B 1KBL, MB> ?@>8AE>48B >B B>3>, GB> ?>;:>2=8: 8 O C?>B@51;O5< @07;8G=K5 A?>A>1K; 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, C 2A5E 157 8A:;NG5=8O AC1J5:B>2, @0742>5=85 :>B>@KE O ?@>872>48;, D;N848G5A:85 <0AAK, :>B>@K5 A3CI0NBAO ?> AB>@>=0< 8E, A:>@55 ?>E>4OB =0 :>;KE0NICNAO :>;>==C A =5?@028;L=K<8 :>=BC@0<8, G5< =0 ?>;>28=C G5;>25:0. @8 ?@>4>;60NI520=88, 2 8725AB=K9 <><5=B, ?@>O2;O5BAO =5:>B>@>5 ?@8BO65=85 4;O 8E A>548=5=8O. @020O :>;>==0, 1>;55 ?@8BO38205<0O, 15@5B A0@>B:89 ?CBL, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO A ;52>9 8 ?@81;878B5;L=> =0 <5AB5, 70=OB>< ?>A;54=59, A:>@> >1@07C5BAO ?@87@0:. 1@07>20=85 MB> 2A5340 A>25@H05BAO >48=0:>2K< >1@07>< C >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 AC1J5:B0 8 <0;> G5< >B;8G05BAO C 2A5E AC1J5:B>2. '5< <=>3>G8A;5==55 @0742>5=8O C ?>A;54=8E, B5< A:>@55 ?@>8AE>48B >1@07>20=85 ?@87@0:0. @020O :>;>==0 ?@>E>48B >1K:=>25==> ?>7048 AC1J5:B0, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO A ;52>9, A :>B>@>9 >=0 A;8205BAO, => 1K205B <=>3> 8A:;NG5=89. 5>=B8=0 A>AB02;O5B 70<5G0B5;L=>5 8A:;NG5=85. 15 :>;>==K AB@5548=8BLAO. A;8 5ABL A2>1>4=>5 <5AB> <564C <03=5B875@>< 8 AC1J5:B><, ?@020O :>;>==0 1KAB@> ?@>E>48B : ;52>9. A;8 <5AB> =54>AB0B>G=> 25;8:>, >=0 157CA?5H=> AB0@05BAO ?@>9B8 : ;52>9 :>;>==5, 8 AC1J5:B, 45@30515 AB>@>=K, B5@O5B B5@?5=85, @074@0605BAO 8, =0:>=5F, ?@54;0305B M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@C >B>9B8. >340 <5AB> >A2>1>6405BAO, AC1J5:B 2KAB02;O5B 2?5@54 25@E=NN G0ABL B5;0, ?@>BO38205B @0A:@KBK5 @C:8, A68<05B :8AB8 8 45;05B @C:0<8 42865=85 : A515, B>G=> >= E>G5B GB>-B> AE20B8BL =0 ?CB8. # -4<5 8 "5@57K ?@020O :>;>==0 B>65 ?@>E>48B 2?5@548 =8E, 4065 5A;8 <03=5B875@ :@5?:> 8E 45@68B, @C:8 2 @C:8 8 :>;5=8 <564C :>;5=, :0: MB> ?@8E>48BAO G0AB> 45;0BL, GB>1K ;CGH5 A;548BL 70 >ICI5=8O<8 AC1J5:B>2. 0= ?@54AB02;O5B 5I5 1>;55 70<5G0B5;L=>5 8A:;NG5=85. 'C2AB28B5;L=>ABL 87;CG05BAO 2>:@C3 =5Q 8 =5 A3CI05BAO =0?@02> 2 D;N848G5A:CN :>;>==C, => @0AA5O==0O <0AA0 ?@81;8605BAO : AC1J5:BC, ?>AB5?5==> ?@>E>48B ?> ?5@54=59 G0AB8 B5;0, A;53:0 :0A0OAL :>68, 8 C40;O5BAO =0 C@>2=5 A5;575=:8, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO A :>;>==>9, :>B>@0O =0G8=05B >1@07>2K20BLAO A ;52>9 AB>@>=K, =0 @0AAB>O=88 40 60 A0=B8<5B@>2. MB>B <><5=B C 2A5E =01;N405N AC1J5:B>2 MB0 D;N848G5A:0O <0AA0 =5 ?>E>60 =0 G5;>25:0: MB> =5>?@545;5==0O <0AA0, BC<0==0O :>;>==0, 70<5B=> 2KH5 8 >1H8@=55 AC1J5:B0. >4 459AB285< <03=5B878@>20=8O ?>A;54=53> MB0 <0AA0 C<5=LH05BAO 2 >1J5<5, AB0=>28BAO 1;5ABOI55 8 ?>AB5?5==> ?@8=8<05B G5;>25G5A:CN D>@@5 MB0 D>@<0, :>B>@0O ?@>4>;605B A3CI0BLAO, ?@8=8<05B >1;8: AC1J5:B0: MB> 53> 42>9=8:, 53> ?@87@0:, :>B>@K9 2A5340 AB>8B ?> ;52CN 53> AB>@>=C, 8=>340 =5<=>3> 2?5@548, :0: C 5=5BBK 8 -4<5. >=BC@K 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 OA=K5 8 B>G=K5, >A>15==> 2 25@E=59 G0AB8, :>B>@0O 7=0G8B5;L=> 45OB5;L=55 =86=59. >4 459AB285< ?@>4>;60NI59AO <03=5B870F88 ?@87@0: 5I5 1>;55 A3CI05BAO 8 45;05BAO 1;5ABOI55, >A>15==> C 3>;>2K. >AB83=C2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 A3CI5=8O, >= ?@8=8<05B ?>7C AC1J5:B0. A;8 ?>A;54=89 :>@B015;L=> A848B 2 :@5A;5, ?@87@0: A048BAO 2 4@C3>5 :@5A;>, ?>AB02;5==>5 4;O =53> 2 <5AB5, :>B>@>5 >= 4>;65= 70=8<0BL, 8 BCB >= ?>2B>@O5B, :0: B5=L, 2A5 42865=8O 8 65ABK AC1J5:B0. -B> ?>@B@5B ?>A;54=53>; 87>1@065=85 >1J5:B82=>5, @50;L=>5, B0: :0: >B@0605<>5 2 75@:0;5, ?@5;><;O5<>5 ?@8 ?5@5E>45 87 >4=>9 A@54K 2 4@C3CN, :0: 2AO:89 A25B, >=> <>65B 8=>340 1KBL AD>B>3@0D8@>20=>. >B ?@8<5@ ?>2B>@5=8O 42865=89, :>B>@>5 =01;N405BAO C 2A5E AC1J5:B>2, 5A;8 @0742>5=85 4>AB0B>G=>5. / ?>4=8<0N ;52CN @C:C AC1J5:B0, :>B>@K9 A59G0A 65 3>2>@8B, GB> 42>9=8: ?>4=O; ;52CN @C:C. / >?CA:0N @C:C MBC 8 ?>4=8<0N ?@02CN; AC1J5:B B>BG0A 65 2>A:;8F05B, GB> 42>9=8: ?>4=O; ?@02CN @C:C. "> 65 A0<>5 O2;5=85 ?@>8AE>48B 8 A 42865=8O<8 =>3, 3>;>2K, BC;>28I0, 2?;>BL 4> <0;59H8E 65AB>2. -B8 42865=8O @50;L=K, ?>B> :>340 1K205B B5<=>B0 8 2 :0G5AB25 A2845B5;59 8<55BAO >48= 8;8 =5A:>;L:> AC1J5:B>2, ?>A;54=85, =5 284O 42865=89 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@0 8 AC1J5:B0, @07;8G0NB 2A5 42865=8O ?@87@0:0 ?@8 ?>;=>< <>;G0=88 ?5@2KE 42CE. 45AL O2;5=85 >A;>6=O5BAO. B5<=>B5, 5A;8 O 15@C :CA>: <0B5@88, =>A>2>9 ?;0B>: AC1J5:B0, 20H 8;8 A2>9, =0?@8<5@, 8 :;04C 53> @0725@=CBK< =0 @C:C AC1J5:B0, ?@8:@K20O 55, ?@8 ?>4=OB88 @C:8 AC1J5:B 3>2>@8B, GB> 42>9=8: ?>4=O; B0:CN-B> @C:C, => GB> >= =5 2848B :8AB8 @C:8. CA>: <0B5@88 =5?@>7@0G5= 4;O 3;07 ?@87@0:0. "> 65 A0<>5 ?@>8AE>48B 8 A> 2A5<8 G0ABO<8 B5;0. > MB0 <0B5@8O 45;05BAO ?@>7@0G=>9, 5A;8 O ?>;>6C 55 =0 2 3 <8=CBK =0 :@5A;>, 70=8<05<>5 ?@87@0:><. >340 O ?>A;5 MB>3> ?>4=8<0N @C:C, 70:@K2 :8ABL, AC1J5:B B>BG0A 65 3>2>@8B, GB> 42>9=8: ?>4=O; B0:CN-B> @C:C, 8 =5 C?><8=05B > :8AB8, :>B>@CN 2848B, :0: 8 @C:C; B>340 ?@8E>48BAO >1@0B8BL 53> 2=8<0=85 =0 :CA>: <0B5@88, GB>1K >= ?@87=0;, GB> <0B5@8O BCB, ?>GB8 =52848<0O =0 53> @C:5. !0<>2=CH5=85 8 2=CH5=85 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@0 8;8 A2845B5;59 =5 83@0NB =8:0:>9 @>;8 2 MB>< O2;5=88. B5<=>B5 O ?>;>68;, =8G53> =5 3>2>@O, =5254><> 4;O 2A5E =>A>2>9 ?;0B>: =0 :@5A;>, 70=8<05<>5 42>9=8:><, 8 ?>A;5 F5;>3> @O40 ?@54H5AB2>202H8E >?KB>2 O ?>;>68; ?;0B>: =0 :8ABL @C:8, :0: 1C4B> O ?>2B>@O; >?KBK. 8G53> =5 7=0NI89 AC1J5:B =5 <>65B ?@8<5=8BL A0<>2=CH5=85. / ?@>4>;60N 70B5< >?KB A ?;0B:><, :>B>@K9 =5 1K; 2 42>9=8:5, 8, ?@8:@K2 8< :8ABL @C:8, O 3@><:> 3>2>@N, GB> AC1J5:B C2848B :8ABL @C:8, ?>B>, C25@ON O, ?;0B>: ?@>7@0G5=. / ?>4=8<0N @C:C, => AC1J5:B 3>2>@8B, GB> 42>9=8: ?>4=O; B0:CN-B> @C:C, => GB> >= =5 2848B :8AB8 @C:8. / A=>20 C25@ON 53>, GB> >= 4>;65= 2845BL 55; >= CB25@6405B 2 A2>N >G5@54L 1>;55 M=5@38G=>, GB> =5 2848B 55. >1@0B=>< >?KB5, B. 5. 70:@K2 :8ABL @C:8 ?;0B:><, :>B>@K9 ?>1K20; 2 ?@87@0:5, 8 3@><:> CB25@640O, GB> AC1J5:B =5 <>65B 2845BL :8AB8 A:2>7L ?;0B>:, >= B>BG0A 65 70O2;O5B, GB> >B;8G=> 2848B 55. >6=> 5I5 2>7@078BL, GB> 1K205B 5 2=CH5=85, B0: :0: O 7=0N, GB> 4>;6=> ?@>87>9B8. -B> 2>7@065=85 A0<> A>1>9 >B?0405B =0 A;54CNI5< >?KB5. / 15@C 420 >48=0:>2KE ?;0B:0: >48= 87 =8E 1C45B ?@>7@0G=K9, B0: :0: ;560; =0 :@5A;5, 70=8<05<>< ?@87@0:><; 4@C3>9 =5?@>7@0G=K9, ?>B> =5 1K; =0 :@5A;5. 48= 87 =8E, A:065< ?@>7@0G=K9, 8<55B 70<5B=K9 7=0: =0 ;52>9 AB>@>=5, =528489. / ?5@540N >10 ?;0B:0 >4=>HC 53> ?>40BL <=5 2 8725AB=K9 <><5=B A?5@20 >48= ?;0B>:, :0:>9 >= ?>65;05B; 70B5< 4@C3>9, GB>1K O =0?5@54 =5 <>3 7=0BL, GB> ?@>87>945B. >4=8<0O @C:C 8;8 =>3C, ?>:@KBCN ?;0B:><, AC1J5:B 2A5340 2848B 55, 5A;8 >=0 ?>:@KB0 ?@>7@0G=K< ?;0B:><, 8 =8:>340 =5 2848B 55 ?>4 ?;0B:>< =5?@>7@0G=K<. !0<>2=CH5=85 8 2=CH5=85, 5 8 4065 A;>25A=>5, =5 8<5NB, A;54>20B5;L=>, =8:0:>9 @>;8 2 MB>< O2;5=88. "0: :0: B> 65 A0<>5 >B=>A8BAO 8 : B5< O2;5=8O<, :>B>@K5 O >?8AK20N 2 A;54CNI8E 3;020E, B> O 1>;55 =5 @0A?@>AB@0=ONAL >1 MB><. A;8, ?>4=8<0O @C:C, 2;>68BL 2 =55 :0:>9-=81C4L ?@54<5B, B> =5:>B>@K5 AC1J5:BK 2A5340 284OB @C:C ?@87@0:0 ?CAB>N, => 5>=B8=0 8 5=5BB0 284OB @0742>5==K9 ?@54<5B. >B ?@8<5@ A 5>=B8=>9. 0: 8 @0=LH5, 2 B5<=>B5 O ?>4=8<0N ;52CN @C:C AC1J5:B0 8 :;04C 2 @C:C A2>9 A65==K9 ?;0B>:. "2>9=8: ?>4=O; ;52CN @C:C, 3>2>@8B AC1J5:B, GB>-B> 5ABL C =53> 2 @C:5: 15;L5, GB>-B> 15;>5, =>A>2>9 ?;0B>:". #1@02 ?;0B>: 8 >?CAB82 @C:C, O ?>4=8<0N ?@02CN, 27O2 2 =55 <0;5=L:CN :=86:C. "2>9=8: ?>4=O; ?@02CN @C:C, ?@>4>;605B AC1J5:B, C =53> 25IL 2 @C:5, :=86:0". A;8 ?@>4>;60BL <03=5B878@>20=85 AC1J5:B0, 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 1>;LH53> A3CI5=8O ?@87@0:0, ?>A;54=89 ?>;CG05B A?>A>1=>ABL C40;OBLAO >B AC1J5:B0; 53> ;8F> ?@8=8<05B 8=>340 2K@065=85 70<5B=> 4@C3>5, G5< C AC1J5:B0, >= ?5@5AB05B :>?8@>20BL 42865=8O ?>A;54=53> 8 AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 A?>A>1=K< ?@>872>48BL O2;5=8O, :>B>@K5 O >?8HC 2 A;54CNI8E 3;020E. > MB0 A?>A>1=>ABL 7028A8B 2A5340 >B =5:>B>@KE 206=KE CA;>289. "@51C5BAO 2>-?5@2KE, GB>1K >= <>3 ?@8>1@5AB8 =C6=CN 4;O B>3> A8;C, 0 70B5<, GB>1K >= E>B5; MB>3>, ?>B>, C=>AO A A>1>N A?>A>1=>ABL B5BL, @0AAC640BL, A;>2><, 2A5, GB> A>AB02;O5B 8=48284C0;L=>ABL AC1J5:B0, >= AB0=>28BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=K< >18B0;8I5< A>7=0=8O. =0G0;5 >?KB>2 1>;LH8=AB2> ?@87@0:>2 BO65;K, =5;>2:8 8 B@C4=> ?5@5<5I0NBAO. >340 ?@87@0: 5=5BBK ?5@5E>48; 87 >4=>9 :><=0BK 2 4@C3CN, >= 2A5340 C40@O;AO @C:0<8 8 ?;5G0<8, ?@>E>4O G5@57 H8@>:> >B:@KBK5 425@8, 8 AC1J5:B 2A5340 3>@L:> 60;>20;AO =0 MB>. = =8:>340 =5 E>B5; ?@>E>48BL, 5A;8 >:>;> 425@8 1K; :B>-=81C4L, B0: :0: 1K;> "<0;> <5AB0". > 871560=85 MB8E =5C4>1AB2, 53> ?@83;0H0;8 ?@>E>48BL A:2>7L AB5=K 8, G5 ?>25@8BL, =0 >A=>20=88 ?@54K4CI53>, >= ?@>E>48;, :0: 2?@>G5< 8 2A5 4@C385, 157 <0;59H53> 70B@C4=5=8O. @87@0: -4<5, E>BO >G5=L 682>9 8 ;53:> ?5@5<5I0NI89AO, 1K; =5 1>;55 ;>2:89. A;8 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB =5 >1@0I0;8 =0 =53> 2=8<0=8O, >= ?>:840; A2>5 <5AB>, >B?@02;O;AO : =081>;55 4;O =53> A8?KB0 8 >AB020;AO B0<, ?>:0 53> 8A:0;8 2 4@C3>< <5AB5. >340 53> 70AB02;O;8 >AB020BLAO =0 <5AB5, >= ?0@8; 25@B8:0;L=>, ?>4=8<0OAL 8 >?CA:0OAL, 8 2 A2>5< G0AB> @57:>< ?>4=8<0=88 >= C40@O;AO 3>;>2>N > ?>B>;>:, =0 GB> AC1J5:B 60;>20;AO, ?@8:;04K20O @C:8 : 3>;>25. -B0 =5?>2>@>B;82>ABL 8 =5;>2:>ABL 1KAB@> 8AG570NB ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: ?>2B>@ONBAO >?KBK 8 ?@87@0: ?@82K:05B 459AB2>20BL 2=5 D878G5A:>3> B5;0. @87@0: =5 E>48B; ?> :@09=59 <5@5, O =8:>340 =5 A;KE0; >B AC1J5:B>2 8 GC2AB28B5;L=KE A2845B5;59, A?>A>1=KE 2845BL 53> <0;59H85 42865=8O, GB>1K >=, :0: 38; >= A:>;L78B =04 ?>;><. >38 C =53> : B>@<8@>20=K 8 =081>;LH0O G0ABL 45OB5;L=>AB8 2A5340 70:;NG05BAO 2 25@E=59 G0AB8. !>E@0=OO A2>N A2>1>4C 459AB28O, ?@87@0: ?>28=C5BAO 2>>1I5 2 25AL<0 1>;LH>9 AB5?5=8 2>;5 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@0. = ?>28=C5BAO B0:65 2>;5 AC1J5:B0, :>B>@0O 5ABL 8 53> 2>;O; ?@87@0: 5>=B8=K, 2?@>G5<, =5 ?>28=C5BAO 59. / ?@>HC, =0?@8<5@, AC1J5:B0 ?@8:070BL ?@87@0:C A5ABL =0 B>B 8;8 4@C3>9 ABC; 2 2 8;8 3 <5B@0E >B <5AB0 53> AB>O=8O. =0 3>2>@8B <=5, GB> ?@8;0305B 2A5 CA8;8O, GB>1K >B?@028BL 53> BC40, 0 >= :0: 1C4B> =5 ?>=8<05B 55. > AB>8B B>;L:> <=5 ?@8:070BL, GB>1K >= >B?@02;O;AO BC40, >= ?>GB8 2A5340 >B?@02;O5BAO. @87@0: 3-68 0<15@ =5 ?>28=C5BAO =8 <=5, =8 59: >= 45;05B B>, GB> E>G5B. !>AB02=K5 G0AB8 ?@87@0:0 2KE>4OB 2 2845 87;CG5=89 87 2A5E G0AB59 B5;0 AC1J5:B0, >A>15==> 87 ;10, B5<5=8 3>;>2K, 3>@;0, =041@NH=>9 >1;0AB8 8 A5;575=:8. KE>4O, 87;CG5=8O MB8 >AB02;ONB, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 2 ?5@2K5 >?KBK @0742>5=8O, =5?@8OB=>5 2?5G0B;5=85, 4065 1>;57=5==>5 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE. !C1J5:B 60;C5BAO B>340 =0 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, =0?@8<5@ -4<5 8 3-60 $@0=AC0; 4@C385 GC2AB2CNB I5:>B0=85 2 3>@;5, 2A;54AB285 G53> :0H;ONB, E>BO 2>2A5 =5 1>;L=K :0H;5<, :0: 5>=B8=0, -4<5 8 B0:65 0=. -B8 =5?@8OB=K5 2?5G0B;5=8O 1KAB@> 8AG570NB 8 2 :>=F5 A50=A0 AC1J5:B =0E>48BAO 2 >B;8G=>< @0A?>;>65=88 4CE0. ::C;LB8ABK CB25@640NB, GB> 2K45;5=85 ?@87@0:0 A>25@H05BAO G5@57 ;52CN AB>@>=C =0 C@>2=5 A5;575=:8. #B25@645=85 MB> =5 A>2A5< B>G=>. A5 AC1J5:BK A>3;0A=> CB25@640NB, GB> M:AB5@8>@870F8O A>25@H05BAO ?>2AN4C, => >A>15==> 2 25@E=59 G0AB8 B5;0. 0= ?>:070;0 <=5, GB> >=0 2A5340 =0G8=0;0 A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K, ?@>4>;60O 70B5< G5@57 @07;8G=K5 G0AB8 B5;0. >A;5 MB>3> =01;N45=8O =04 =59, 25AL<0 <54;5==> <03=5B878@CO @07=KE AC1J5:B>2, O ?@>A8; 8E =0?@028BL 2A5 A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB>1K C7=0BL, 459AB28B5;L=> ;8 =0G8=05BAO M:AB5@8>@870F8O 2> 2A5E 25@E=8E G0ABOE B5;0 >4=>2@5<5==>. =8 2A5 A>3;0A=> ?@87=0;8, GB> 2 ?5@2K5 <8=CBK >=0 459AB28B5;L=> =0G8=0;0AL =0 ?@02>9 AB>@>=5. 5 ?@>4>;60O 40;55 0=0;870, <>6=> ?@87=0BL, GB> M:AB5@8>@870F8O =0G8=05BAO =0?@02>, ?@>4>;605BAO 2> 2A5E 25@E=8E G0ABOE B5;0, 8 70B5< 2K45;82H85AO 87;CG5=8O ?5@5E>4OB =0;52>, GB>1K >1@07>20BL =0 <0;>< @0AAB>O=88 ?@87@0:-42>9=8:. 57028A8<> >B MB>9 D;N848G5A:>9 <0B5@88, 4>AB02;O5<>9 AC1J5:B><, =5?@5@K2=> 4>?>;=O5<>9 <0B5@859, :>B>@CN 405B <03=5B875@ 2> 2@520=8O, :0: C65 70<5B8;0 MB> OA=>284OI0O 87 @52>, ?@87@0: 708B>@K5 =0G0;0, =5:>B>@K5 D;N84K 87 0B<>AD5@K, ?>72>;ONI85 520BLAO 1>;55, GB>1K 1KBL 1>;55 A8;L=K< 8 A?>A>1=K< : 459AB28N. A;8 65;0NB ?>;CG8BL >B ?@87@0:0 D878G5A:>5 O2;5=85, =04> M=5@38G=> <03=5B878@>20BL AC1J5:B0. >GB8 2A5340 =01;N405BAO, GB> ?@87@0: A?5@20 @0AB5B, 45;05BAO 1>;55 1;5ABOI8< 2 25@E=59 G0AB8; 70B5< >= A>:@0I05BAO, A3CI05BAO, 45;05BAO <5=LH5 8 G0AB> <5=55 ?@>7@0G=K<. -B> 2K@0AB0=85, :0: 8 A3CI5=85, 2A5340 =0G8=05BAO A 3>;>2K. /2;5=85 MB> >G5=L 70<5G0B5;L=> C "5@57K. A;8 ?@>O2;O5BAO OA=>2845=85 2 AB0488 A><=0<1C;87<0, >=> 70<5B=> C<5=LH05BAO 2> 2@5@870F88 8 A>25@H5==> ?@>?0405B, :>340 >1@07C5BAO ?@87@0:. 0: MB> 1C45B 284=> ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 <=>N GC2AB2 ?@87@0:0, OA=>2845=85 ?5@5E>48B : ?>A;54=5B>@K9 2848B ?@54<5B, 0 8=>340 8 2A5 >B=>AOI55AO 4> =53>, 5A;8 ?>;>68BL 53> =0 ;>1, B5:, =041@NH85 8;8 =0 4@C3CN G0ABL B5;0, 345 2848B AC1J5:B, :>340 1K205B 2 A>AB>O=88 A><=0<1C;8G5A:>3> OA=>2845=8O. # AC1J5:B0 2A5 GC2AB20 C=8GB>65=K 8 >= =5 2848B 1>;55 3;070<8 B5;0, =5 A;KH8B CH0<8, =5 >1>=O5B 70?0E>2 >@30=>< >1>=O=8O, =5 >ICI05B 2:CA0. 0: 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO ?@87@0:>< ?>A@54AB2>< GC2AB2 0AB@0;L=>3> B5;0, :0: CB25@640NB B5>A>DK. >340 @0742>5=85 1K205B ?>GB8 ?>;=>5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@87@0: 1K; 4>AB0B>G=> A3CI5= 4;O ?>;CG5=8O O2;5=89, M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ 4>;65= ?>GB8 ?>AB>O==> <03=5B878@>20BL AC1J5:B0, >A>15==> ?>A@54AB2>< >G5=L <54;5==KE ?@>4>;L=KE ?0AA>2, A25@EC 2=87, GB>1K ?>445@6820BL =0AKI5=85 ?@87@0:0 D;N84><; => >= <>65B B0:65 459AB2>20BL 4;8B5;L=K< 2>7;>65=85< ?0;LF52 2 =041@NH=>9 >1;0AB8. = <>65B B0:65 459AB2>20BL, =5 45;0O =8:0:>3> 42865=8O, >4=>N A8;>N 2>;8, =0?@02;5==>9 A >?@545;5==>9 F5;LN =0 AC1J5:B 8;8 4065 =0 ?@87@0:. 59AB285, >:07K205<>5 =0 ?>A;54=89, :065BAO <=5 G@572KG09=> M=5@38G=K<, 4065 3@C1K< 8 G0AB> =5?@8OB=K< 4;O AC1J5:B0, 5A;8 =5 459AB2>20BL A 1>;LH>9 >AB>@>6=>ABLN. >;L7COAL =0@>4=K< 2K@065=85<, A:065<, GB> "=C6=0 65;57=0O @C:0 2 10@E0B=>9 ?5@G0B:5". >B ?@8<5@ ?@O<>3> 459AB28O =0 ?@87@0: 3-68 $@0=AC0. / 2KAB02;ON A2>N ;52CN @C:C =0 @0AAB>O=88 50 60 A0=B8<5B@>2 >B ;10 ?@87@0:0, GB>1K ?@5:@0B8BL 3>;>2=CN 1>;L, =0 :>B>@CN 60;C5BAO AC1J5:B. A:>@5 >= 70O2;O5B, GB> 1>;L C<5=LH05BAO, ?@5:@0I05BAO, GB> >=0 A>25@H5==> 8AG57;0. !C1J5:B :065BAO <=5 CAB02H8<; O E>GC ?@5:@0B8BL @0742>5=85 8 @071C48BL AC1J5:B0 ?>?5@5G=K<8 ?0AA0<8 ?5@54 ;8F>< 8 3@C4LN ?@87@0:0, => O 4>;65= ?5@5AB0BL, ?>B> AC1J5:B 60;C5BAO, GB> MB> M=5@38G=>5, 4065 3@C1>5 459AB285 G@57<5@=> 2>;=C5B ?@87@0:, 0 2>;=5=85 MB> 1>;57=5==> >B7K205BAO =0 AC1J5:B5. / 1C6C ?>A;54=53>, ?@O<> 459AB2CO =0 =53>, 2>7;>65=85< ;52>9 @C:8 =0 ;>1. / G0AB> 1C48; 4@C38E AC1J5:B>2, 2>7;030O ;52CN @C:C =0 ;>1 ?@87@0:0, =0 @0AAB>O=88 >B 60 4> 80 A0=B8<5B@>2, => O 70<5G0; 8=>340 =5?@8OB=>5 2?5G0B;5=85 >B MB>3> =0 AC1J5:B5. %>;>4=K5 24C20=8O 2 ;>1 ?@87@0:0, :0: 8 ?>?5@5G=K5 ?0AAK ?5@54 ;8F>< 8 3@C4LN, 2A5340 >B@060NBAO 1>;57=5==> =0 AC1J5:B5. @8 70@O4:5 0::C@0 ?>;NA0 M;5:B@8G5A:>3> 8AB>G=8:0 ?@82>4OBAO 2 A>?@8:>A=>25=85 A >4=>8<5==K<8 ?>;NA0<8 0::C@0. @8 MB>< ?>;CG05BAO 1>;55 M=5@38G=>5 459AB285 =0 AC1J5:B0, B> 5ABL 5A;8 <03=5B878@>20BL 2 87>=><=>< ?>;>65=89. > <5@5 ?@>872>4AB20 >?KB>2 2A5 O2;5=8O ?@>8AE>4OB ;53G5. ! =08;CGH8<8 AC1J5:B0<8, <=>3>:@0B=> ?@82>48AB>O=85 A><=0<1C;87<0 8;8 B>;L:> M:AB5@8>@870F88, G0AB> B@51CNBAO F5;K9 G0A 4;O ?>;CG5=8O ?5@2KE ?@87=0:>2 @0742>5=8O, 8 G0I5 2A53> B>;L:> ?>A;5 2 3 A50=A>2 C405BAO =0AB>;L:> @0742>8BL AC1J5:B0, GB>1K 42>9=8: <>3 8A?>;=OBL 2A5 53> 42865=8O. -B> A0<8B5;L=K9 8 B@C4=K9 ?5@8>4 4;O M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@0, ?>B> >= 4>;65= @072820BL AC1J5:B0, => >= B5< =5 <5=55 25AL<0 8=B5@5A5=, ?>B> M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ <>65B ;53:> 87CG8BL 2A5 =0G0;L=K5 O2;5=8O. 0: B>;L:> AC1J5:B ?@8CG5= : >?KB0<, >= ?>GB8 2A5340 2?>;=5 @0742>O5BAO 2 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB, 8 =0G0;L=K5 O2;5=8O ?@>E>4OB B>340 =570<5B=>, 5A;8 =5 ?@8A<0B@820BLAO : =8<. 0742>5=85 <54;5==> ?@5:@0I05BAO ?@>1C645=85< AC1J5:B0, A=>20 ?@>E>4O G5@57 2A5 D07K, G5@57 :>B>@K5 ?@>E>48; AC1J5:B 2> 2@55=8O; 8=>340 ?>4 2;8O=85< 2>;=5=8O ?@87@0:0 >=> <><5=B0;L=> ?@5:@0I05BAO 8 AC1J5:B 2 MB>< A;CG05 8A?KBK205B ?>GB8 2A5340 A8;L=>5 ?>B@OA5=85. II. 1I5=85 ?@87@0:0 A D878G5A:8< B5;><. B@065=85. 0742>5==K9 AC1J5:B ?>AB>O==> =0E>48BAO 2 >1I5=88 A> A2>8< 42>9=8:>< ?>A@54AB2>< A>548=ONI53> 8E D;N848G5A:>3> H=C@0 =57028A8<> >B @0AAB>O=8O <564C =8<8. (=C@ MB>B, >G5=L B>;ABK9 2 =0G0;5 @0742>5=8O, 45;05BAO 70B5< B>;I8=>N 2 <878=5F, => C =5:>B>@KE AC1J5:B>2 >= 1K205B 70<5B=> B>;I5, >A>15==> 2 8AE>4=>9 A2>59 B>G:5, <564C B5< :0: C 4@C38E >= B>=LH5 (C 5>=B8=K). = >1K:=>25==> F8;8=4@8G5A:89, => C "5@57K >= ?;>A:89, 8<5O 284 >G5=L B>;AB>9 B5AL 2AO:>< A;CG05 >= =5 >48=0:>2>9 B>;I8=K, B0: :0: <5AB0<8 ?@54AB02;O5B 274CB8O, :0: 1K H8H:8, :>B>@K5, :065BAO, A;C60B @575@2C0@0<8 D;N848G5A:>9 <0B5@88 4;O ?8B0=8O H=C@0, :>340 ?@87@0: C40;O5BAO. 5A<>B@O =0 MB8 70?0AK, 53> 480<5B@ C<5=LH05BAO ?> <5@5 C40;5=8O, A;54CO 8725AB=>B>@>5 O =5 ?KB0;AO >?@545;8BL. # 1>;LH8=AB20 AC1J5:B>2 H=C@ 845B >B ?C?0. "0: MB> C 0@BK, 5=5BBK, 5>=B8=K, 3-68 8:A. # =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E >= =0G8=05BAO =0 =5A:>;L:> A0=B8<5B@>2 2KH5 8 =0;52>, >:>;> =86=59 G0AB8 A5;575=:8. # 3-68 0<15@ >= 845B >B 38?=>35==>9 B>G:8, 2A5340 1>;55 GC2AB28B5;L=>9 4@C38E G0AB59 B5;0, 2 3 4 A0=B8<5B@0E 2?5@548 A5;575=:8. 0:>=5F, GB> O AG8B0N G@572KG09=> @54:8<, H=C@ 3-68 $@0=AC0 845B >B B5<5=8, B> 5ABL 25@ECH:8 3>;>2K, :0:>2>5 <5AB> C =5Q B>65 >4=> 87 A0@30=87<5. 0:>20 1K =8 1K;0 8AE>4=0O 53> B>G:0 2 D878G5A:>< B5;5, H=C@ 2A5340 4>E>48B 4> A>>B25BAB2CNI59 G0AB8 ?@87@0:0. H=C@5 845B A8;L=>5 42865=85. CGH85 OA=>284OI85 A@02=820NB 53> A @07=>@>4=K< =5@2><, B0: :0: >=8 OA=> =01;N40NB 2 =5< 420 ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE B5G5=8O, ?@>E>4OI8E >4=> 2>7;5 4@C3>3>: >4=> 87 =8E 845B 87 D878G5A:>3> B5;0 2 ?@87@0:, 4;O 4>AB02;5=8O 5B>@0O ?8B05B 53> 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 A?>A>1=>ABL : 459AB28N, 4@C3>5, 1>;55 B>=:>5 8 1;5ABOI55, 84CI55 >B ?@87@0:0 : B5;C, 53> >@C48N, A;C68B 4;O ?5@540G8 >ICI5=89, :>B>@K5 ?@87@0: <>65B 2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 2K@060BL ?>A@54AB2>< A2>8E @07;8G=KE >@30=>2. "5G5=85 >B AC1J5:B0 : ?@87@0:C 845B 2A5340 ?> =86=59 G0AB8 H=C@0 A> AB>@>=K 75<;8, B5G5=85 65 >B ?@87@0:0 : AC1J5:BC 845B =04 ?5@2K<, :0: 1K 1>;55 ;53:>5. >B =01;N45=85, :>B>@>5 O <>3 1K 2:;NG8BL 2 >?8A0=85 >1@07>20=8O ?@87@0:0, => O =0E>6C, GB> >=> 1>;55 C<5AB=> 745AL. / 3>2>@8;, GB> 2 8725AB=K9 <><5=B, :>340 425 D;N848G5A:85 ?>;C:>;>==K C65 >1@07>20;8AL ?> >15 AB>@>=K AC1J5:B0, ?@020O =0?@02;O5BAO : ;52>9, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO A =59. "@51C5BAO >1JOA=5=85. 520O ?>;C:>;>==0 C65 A>548=5=0 A B5;>< AC1J5:B0 H=C@><, :>B>@K9 2 MB> 2@5<04=>3> >1J5<0. @020O ?>;C:>;>==0 ?@>E>48B =0A:>;L:> 2>7<>6=> 1;865 : B5;C AC1J5:B0, A?5@548 8;8 ?>7048, B5@O5B D>@< 2E>48B 2 H=C@, :>B>@K9 ?@82>48B 55 =0?@02> >B >1@07>202H59AO B0< ?>;C:>;>==K. =8A:>;L:> <8=CB 2> 2@52 >?KB0 8;8 2 =8A:>;L:> A5:C=4, :>340 AC1J5:B B@5=8@>20=, >15 ?>;C:>;>==K A;820NBAO 8 >1@07CNB >4=C >1ICN :>;>==C, 2 :>B>@>9 A:>@> =0G8=05B >1@8A>2K20BLAO ?@87@0:. >B 2 MB>-B> 2@5=0 ?@8=8<05B >A>1CN >:@0A:C, 3>;C1CN =0?@02>, >@0=652CN =0;52>, :>B>@K5 ?@840NB ?@87@0:C AB>;L 70<5G0B5;L=K9 284. =0G0;5 ?@87@0: G@572KG09=> GC2AB28B5;5= 8 <0;59H85 ?@8:>A=>25=8O 1>;57=5==> >B7K20NBAO =0 AC1J5:B5. A;8 ?@87@0: ?>;CG05B A8;L=K9 C40@, ?>GB8 2A5340 >:07K205BAO A8=O: =0 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 G0AB8 AC1J5:B0 8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 A8;L=0O 1>;L ?@>4>;605BAO =5A:>;L:> 4=59. !B0=>28BAO ?>=OB=K<, GB> @0742>5==K5 :>;4C=K ?>;CG0;8 C40@K, =0=>A89=8:C, C40;82H525@H5=8O ?@5ABC?;5=8O. (=C@ B>65 25AL<0 GC2AB28B5;5= : <0;59H5A=>25=8N, 8 5A;8 A8;L=> 7045BL 53>, B> C AC1J5:B0 2A5340 2K@K205BAO :@8: 1>;8. A;8 AC1J5:B 8 ?@87@0: AB>OB ?5@54 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@><, >48= A ?@02>9 AB>@>=K, 4@C3>9 A ;52>9, 0 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ <54;5==> ?>428305BAO 2?5@54, GB>1K ?@>9B8 <564C =8<8, >= A:>@> 4>B@>=5BAO 4> H=C@0 8 AC1J5:B ?>GC2AB2C5B 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 A8;L=K9 C40@. A;8 >= ?@>4>;605B >G5=L <54;5==> ?>42830BLAO 40;55, >= @0ABO38205B H=C@, :>B>@K9 M;0AB8G5= 8 C4;8=O5BAO, => 2 B> 65 2@5A8BL ?>A;54=53>, B>, >:07K205BAO, >= 8A?KBK205B B0:>5 65 >ICI5=85, :0: 5A;8 1K BO=C;8 25@52:C, : :>B>@>9 >= 1K; 1K ?@82O70=, => >ICI5=85 MB> 5I5 3>@074> =5?@8OB=55. 0ABO3820=85 H=C@0 C 3-68 0<15@ 1K205B G@572KG09=> A8;L=>5 8, :>340 ?@87@0: 2=570?=> C40;O5BAO, >=0, A8;L=> ?@8BO38205<0O, 8A?CA:05B :@8: 1>;8 8 ?040;0 1K =0 ?>;, 5A;8 1K O =5 ?>445@6820; 55. 'C2AB28B5;L=>ABL ?@87@0:0, :0: 8 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL H=C@0, G@572KG09=> A8;L=0O 2 =0G0;5 @0742>5=8O, ?>AB5?5==> C<5=LH05BAO, => =8:>340 =5 8AG5705B A>25@H5==> 8 ?>B>< C7=020BL, 2 :0:>9 AB>@>=5 =0E>48BAO ?@87@0:, ?>:8=C2H89 A2>5 >1KG=>5 <5AB>. 4;8==>9 AB0BL5 2 "Revue scientifique et morale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°; 8=>340 >=0 4>E>48;0 4> 23°. >B 70?8A0==K5 <=>N =01;N45=8O 2 E@>=>;>38G5A:>< ?>@O4:5: "5@570. 1. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 30,2°; ;520O @C:0 30,1°. !?CABO 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O: @020O @C:0 28,6°; ;520O @C:0 27,5°. >340 AC1J5:B 27O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O, >AB02;5==K5 2 :@5A;5, :>B>@>5 >= 70=8<0;: @020O @C:0 26,5°; ;520O @C:0 23°. II. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 35,2°; ;520O @C:0 34,5°. !?CABO 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O: @020O @C:0 33,6°; ;520O @C:0 31,7°. >340 AC1J5:B ?@8=O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O: @020O @C:0 31,2°; ;520O @C:0 28,1°. III. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 34,9°; ;520O @C:0 35°. '5@57 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O: @020O @C:0 34,8°; ;520O @C:0 34°. >340 AC1J5:B 27O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O: @020O @C:0 34,5°; ;520O @C:0 33,8°. I. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 35,5°; ;520O @C:0 34,6°. '5@57 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O: @020O @C:0 35,3°; ;520O @C:0 34,3°. >340 AC1J5:B 27O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O: @020O @C:0 35,2°; ;520O @C:0 34,2°. II. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 35,8°; ;520O @C:0 35,7°. 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O (A50=A 1K; >G5=L CB><8B5;L=K9): @020O @C:0 35,6°; ;520O @C:0 35,9°. >340 AC1J5:B 27O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O: @020O @C:0 35,9°; ;520O @C:0 36,1°. III. 5@54 @0742>5=85<: @020O @C:0 35°; ;520O @C:0 35°. 4 5 <8=CB ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O: @020O @C:0 34,2°; ;520O @C:0 35°. >340 AC1J5:B 27O; >1@0B=> 87;CG5=8O: @020O @C:0 30,9°; ;520O @C:0 30,1°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